A Source of Novel Therapeutic Drugs- Marine Actinomycetes

Muralidharan Velappan¹*, Deecaraman Munusamy²

¹Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, AMET University, Kanathur, Chennai-603112, India.

²Dean/Emeritus Professor, Department of Industrial Biotechnology,

Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai-600095, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: muralidharanmicro@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Marine resource has a wide range of products useful for mankind. They are not only rich in fisheries as well the entire oceanic world leads to produce variety of brand new products such as cosmetics, high valued accessories, articles, drugs, bio resources for protecting the aquatic organisms and many more. Marine flora and fauna are used in the production of therapeutic drugs. In this recent world there are found to be large number of diseases lasts for few decades and still emerging to attack humans. So these marine microorganisms are useful in producing biomedicines for various uses. Actinomycetes are known for their unprecedented ability to produce novel lead compounds of clinical and pharmaceutical importance. In this study, one of the most and important microorganism “Actinomycetes” is discussed about its property to use as a therapeutic drug.

KEYWORDS: Actinomycetes, Marine resource, therapeutic drug.

1. INTRODUCTION:

Marine microorganisms widely distributed in oceans found to be a great source for the discovery of natural products like therapeutic agents for various diseases in humans. A therapeutic drug is considered to have certain properties like Anti bacterial, anti fungal, anti-parasitic, antiviral, anti-infective, insecticidal, anti tumor, anti inflammatory, antioxidant and herbicidal compounds as well as many other compounds are enzyme inhibitors. These various properties are concerned to be found in one of the most marine microorganism is the “Actinomycetes” which is used in the production of novel drugs for various diseases^{1, 2, 3}.

2. ACTINOMYCETES:

The group of Actinomycetea includes two genera: Actinomyces and Nocardia. Actinomycetes have a place with the Actinomyces, a variety of microscopic organisms. Subsequently, they are gathered under microorganisms so it is deductively called as Actinobacter, which falls under the rank of higher arrangement Phylum⁴.

Morphologically they looks like growths in view of their stretched cells that branches into fibers or hyphae. Its tiny perspective is appeared in fig.1(a). Actinobacteria is a phylum of Gram-positive microscopic organisms which have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell divider with high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA Actinomycetes are at times mixed up for growths on account of the numerous similitudes between the two, in any case they have a place with the kingdom Monera while parasites fit in with two different kingdoms⁵. The term Actinomycetes is utilized to demonstrate living beings fitting in with the Actinomycetales, a noteworthy subdivison of the Prokaryotae, the kingdom which involves all life forms with a prokaryotic cell. As opposed to the life forms of the other four kingdoms (Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia) which all have eukaryotic cells⁶. The most widely recognized creature in this gathering is Nocardia that is dependable to bring about a mixture of contaminations including Mycetoma. Actinobacteria is one of the predominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the biggest of bacterial genera, Streptomyces. The phylogenetic tree of Actinobacter spoke to in fig.1(b), which demonstrates its different orders in view of 16srRNA quality arrangement of actinomycyte genera inferred with NCBI database^7,8.

Fig.1(a)

Fig.1(b)

3. Actniomycete as a therapeutic drug:

Actinomycetes are for all intents and purposes boundless wellsprings of novel mixes with numerous restorative applications and hold a noticeable position because of their assorted qualities and demonstrated capacity to create novel bioactive mixes. There are more than 22,000 known microbial auxiliary metabolites, 70% of which are created by actinomycetes, 20% from organisms, 7% from Bacillus spp. also, 1–2% by other microorganisms. Among the actinomycetes, strepto mycetes gathering are considered financially critical on the grounds that out of the more or less more than 10,000 known anti-microbials, 50–55% are created by this family. The helpful medications has a few properties taking into account the secondrary metabolites created by the microorganisms in view of their bioactive mixes responding towards the movement. With such action there are numerous bioactive mixes goes under Actinomycetes to be utilized as a novel medication for different malad.

4. Antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes:

Lipoxazolidinones A-C is a bioactive compound isolated from novel marine Actinomycetes strain NSP008920 shows the antimicrobial activity which is similar to the commercial antibiotic linezolid.

Istamycin A&B is a aminoglycosides which is an antibiotic compound isolated from the Streptomyces tenjimariensis which bind specifically to aminoacyl site of 16srRNA and interfere in protein synthesis of microbes.

Aplasmomycin is macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomycese griseus, which has a boron at its centre of its structure active against microbes and both types of bacteria.

Himalomycins A&B is a bioactive antimicrobial agent which is isolated from Streptomyces B6921.

Chandrananimycins A-C isolated from Actinomadura sp of M045 has a three novel antibiotic activity against the microbes.

Chalcomycin B, a macrolide antibiotic isolated from marine Streptomyces B7064,which are highly intensify the microbes by interfering cell wall denaturation.

5. Marine actinomycetes as antibacterial agent:

Exploration of Lipoxazolidinones A-C spore-forming Actinobacter MS3/20 was active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, also including Methycillin resistance staphylococcus Aureus(MRSA).

The production of 2-alloxyphenol bioactive compound isolated from Actinobacter MS1/7 shows its activity against various strains of 21 bacteria.

Screening of marine Actinomycetes which has a dominant phylum of Streptomyces species of streptromyces sp. 13239 active effectively against MRSA and gram-positive bacteria.

Nocardiopsis sp.of Actinomycetes, which produces the enzyme nocardicin-A from N.uniformis interferes in the cell wall synthesis of gram positive bacteria.

Altemicidin is a monotrepene alkaloid having antibacterial activity isolated from Streptomyces species.

Streptomyces and Micromonospora has the major antibacterial activity.Among this Streptomyces isolates can be classified into five groups, flavus (63.6%), albosporus (11.7%), roseosporus, viridis and hygroscopicus. Among all antimicrobial isolates, 11 (65%) exhibit inhibition activity against Gram-positive bacteria and eight (47%) against Gram-negative bacteria.

6. Marine actinomycetes as antifungal agent:

Reports on antifungal activity by Actinomycetes are really scarce, but they too has the inhibition property on fungal species, like Streptomyces nodosus M4575.

Another fungicidal compound was isolated from Streptomyces sp.BD21-2 gives good result in inhibition of fungal species like 2-alloxyphenol from Actinobacter.

Still there are more recent studies ongoing in upcoming years to know its fungicidal activity.

7. Marine actinomycetes as antioxidant agent:

The hydroxyl and phenol consisting of 2-alloxyphenol bioactive compound isolated from Actinobacter MS1/7 shows strong antioxidant property.

The Actinomycetes isolate Streptomyces sp VITSTK7 isolated from marine sediments shows the high intensity of degrading the DNA by DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) of antioxidant activity.

The antioxidant activity of 5-(2,4-dimethylbenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (DMBPO) extracted from marine Streptomyces VITSVK5 spp. has high intense performance of antioxidation around 50%.

8. Marine actinomycetes as antitumor agent:

In one of the study shows, the standard antitumor specialists, the IC50 quality was under 25 μg ml−1 against no less than one cell line and P388 cells were the most touchy to the antitumor operators among the cell lines tried against the KB and HLF cell lines, different anti-microbials and natural solvents had no impacts on the disease cells tried. These information show that the MTT test used in our study was suitable for screening antitumor operators with cytotoxic action, which is acquired from the Actinomycetes strains of A1164, MA429, MA350, MA1023, etc.

DMBPO disconnected from marine Streptomyces VITSVK5 spp. displayed cytotoxic movement on HEP 2 and Hep G2 cell lines with the IC50 estimation of 2.8 μg/ml and 8.3 μg/ml, separately, when contrasted with Vero cell line (22.6). DMBPO demonstrated the hemolytic IC50 estimation of 288 μg/ml on human erythrocytes. This outcomes in cytotoxic to tumor.

STRAINS	COMPOUNDS	ACTIVITY
Actinomycetes NSP008920	Lipoxazolidinones A-C	Antimicrobial
Streptomycese griseus	Aplasmomycin	Antimicrobial, Antibiotic
Nocardiopsis sp	nocardicin-A	Antibacterial
Streptomyces sp.	Altemicidin	Antibacterial
Actinobacter MS1/7	2-alloxyphenol	Antifungal, Antioxidant
Streptomyces VITSVK5 sp	5-(2,4-dimethylbenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (DMBPO)	Antioxidant
Actinomycetes strains of A1164	DPPH	Anti-tumor

9. CONCLUSION:

From this study it is resulted that due to various activity against the microbes by marine Actinomycetes active compounds it is possible to used as a therapeutic drug. So, this results in production of multidrug depends on the strain activity as a novel drug. The isolation and production of bioactive compounds include various methods and parameters which come as a novel drug for various disease from a single genera.

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Received on 07.07.2017 Modified on 28.08.2017

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2017; 10(10):3598-3600.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00652.7