INTRODUCTION:

Heart is vital organ of the body. The simplest way to describe the heart is as a” pump”. Heart plays important role in cardiovascular system. It is located in the upper body part, between the lungs. Heart consisting two atria and two ventricles; ventricles pump blood, while atria receive blood. The atrio-ventricular valve is completely separates two parts of the heart. The contraction of atria takes place simultaneously; the contraction of two ventricles simultaneously^[16]. The heart consisting two type of valves such as tricuspid valve, the pulmonary valve, the mitral valve and aortic valve. Heart wall made up of three layers epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium^[17]. Blood enters into the right atrium through the inferior and superior vena cava. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lung, pulmonary vein passes oxygenated blood into the left ventricle pumped into aorta and provides to different body organs. Heart provides oxygenated blood, nutrients and hormones to all body parts and removes metabolic waste product^[1].

Failure means lack of functioning. Heart failure is one of the disorders related to heart. Heart failure is also called as congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction. Pumping of blood is the one of the main function of the heart. When heart fails to pump sufficient blood for normal functioning leads to heart failure. Heart failure is the serious condition caused due to the poor or weak pumping of heart muscle^[4]. Depending on the ejection fraction heart failure divides into two types 1) Heart failure due to reduced ejection fraction. This type of heart failure due to the disfunctioning of left ventricle. 2) Heart failure due to preserved ejection fraction^[16]. This type of heart failure occurs when fails to fill with blood. In heart failure rate of contraction deceased due to overloading of ventricles. Workload on left ventricle is more as compare to right ventricle so, the left ventricle failure is more common than right ventricle failure. In acute heart failure sudden decrease in output of blood from both ventricles and reduction in the oxygen supply to tissue or various body organs. In chronic heart failure in early stage may not be complications but at later complications occurs. In left sided heart failure congestion of blood in the lungs takes place. Right sided failure caused by difficulties in pulmonary circulation^[11].

The symptoms of heart failure are as follows^[4],[11]:-

1) Shortness of breath

2) Fatigue

3) Swollen of legs

4) Irregular heartbeats

5) Loss of appetite

6) Inability of exercise

7) Pain in chest

8) Excessive urination

9) Weight gain

10)Dizziness

The causes of heart failure^[4],[11]:-

1) High blood pressure

2) Heart weakness and insufficient pumping

3) Lung conditions

4) Hypertension

5) Coronary artery disease

6) Inflammation of heart muscles

7) Heart valve disease

8) Hyperthyroidism

9) Heart attack

10)Amyloidosis

Prevention of heart failure ^[4]

1) Control of blood pressure and diabetes

2) Avoid smoking

3) Regular physical activity

4) Avoid hypertension

5) Eat healthy diet

Drug delivery system:

Transporting of drug to achieve desired therapeutic effect on targeted area in human being or in animals is called as drug delivery system .The drug delivery system divides into two types

1) Novel drug delivery system

2) Conventional drug delivery system^[14]

The Novel drug delivery system (Nanoparticles) is used to deliver drugs through oral, nasal, parenteral, intra-ocular etc. Novel drug delivery systems plays a major role in site specific drug delivery (Targeted drug delivery) compared to conventional dosage forms due to its advantages in site specificity and stability. The main aim in designing Novel drug delivery system (nanoparticles) is to alter or modify particle size^[15].

There are various route of drug delivery but most common route is oral i.e. by mouth this route is quickest growing most practical cost effective distribution of drug in the entire body causes many side effects like low ph of gastric juice effect on liver. Conventional drug delivery is used to treat serious illness. Targeted drug delivery system is used to localize prolong effect and protect disease tissue from drug interaction^[8].

Inhalation provides rapid delivery of drug across the large surface area. The apparatus is used for inhalation is called as inhaler. Inhaler is medical device used for delivering medication into the body via lungs^[7].

Inhalator:

Fig.2 Inhalator

Advantages of inhalation:

1. Rapid absorption

2. Provide local effect

3. Minor systemic effect

4. Less side effect

Disadvantage:

1. Only few drugs can be used

Nanoparticles:-

Nanoparticles can be defined as objects ranging in size from 1-100 nm that due to their size may differ from the bulk material. Nanoparticles can be synthesized chemically or biologically. The synthesis of nanoparticles may be intracellular or extracellular according to the location of nanoparticles^[6]. There are various types of nanoparticles such as inorganic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposome, nanocrystals, nanotubes, dendrime.^[12]

Types of nanoparticles:

Fig. 3 Types of nanoparticles

Nano particles are very useful for drug delivery. Nanoparticles are also inserted in the body through injection. Inhalation of nanoparticles is useful to treat heart failure because it reaches the targeted area faster compare to the injected particles^[7].

The peptide is highly useful to treat heart diseases, but administration of peptide is not conventional to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Hence to cure the heart failure inhalation of nanoparticles are useful. Nanoparticles reach the heart and take up cardiomyocytes, which lead to improved function of heart.^[12]

Advantages of drug delivery nanoparticles over other routes-

Table 1 Advantages of drug delivery nanoparticles over other routes-

Sr.No	Drug delivery by nanoparticles	Drug delivery by other routes
1.	Drug particle size is less	Drug particle size is more
2.	Inhalation of nanoparticles is easy for the patient who suffer from serious illness	For serious patient administration of drug is difficult
3.	Less side effects are observed	More side effects are observed
4.	It is more targeted drug delivery system	It is less targeted drug delivery system
5.	It is highly stable	It is less stable
6.	It require less time for recovery of disease	It require more time for recovery of disease

Nanoparticles are small sized particles used for targeted drug delivery to achieve good effect and cure disease. Oral route is widely used but having side effects on other body parts. Swallowing of drug is difficult as compare to inhalation of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles affect on the infected or damaged area of body directly to achieve relief. An oral or other route gives relief but cause side effects. As compare to these nanoparticles having less side effects and high targeted drug delivery capacity^[5].

CONCLUSION:

There are various drug delivery systems to cure coronary failure. Novel drug delivery system is very important for targeted drug delivery as compare to other drug delivery systems like oral, intravenous^[15]. Nanoparticles are small size particles having less area and high surface area.Nanopaarticles having high stability. Nanoparticles become most popular to increase the drug stability^[3]. Now a day’s nanoparticles inhalation is most convenient drug delivery system rather than other treatments to cure coronary failure.

REFERENCES:

1. Elizabeth M. Cherry and Flavio H. Fenton Elizabeth M. Cherry and Flavio H. Fenton.

2. Kai Zhu,1,2 Jun Li,1,2 YulinWang,1,2 Hao Lai,1,2 and Chunsheng Wang1,2Nanoparticles-Assisted Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease Volume 2016, Article ID 1384658, 9 pages

3. Sriharitha*, Preethi J, Hemanth Swaroop A Review on Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug Delivery System DOI: 10.4172/2321-6212.1000r003

4. Heart failure Causes, diagnosis, signs and symptoms Sandra Pretorius, Registered Dietician

5. P.Velavan, C.Karuppusamy and P.Venkatesan Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System P.Velavan et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 7(12), 2015, 1118-1122

6. Satoshi Horikoshi and Nick Serpone.Introduction to Nanoparticles

7. Marit Låg Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health Inhalation ofnanoparticlesand health effects

8. Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan, Overview on Drug Delivery System Rasool Hassan, Pharmaceut Anal Acta 2012, 3:10

9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273203342A Review on Nanoparticles: Their Synthesis and Types

10. Sriharitha*, Preethi J, Hemanth Swaroop A Review on Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug Delivery System

11. Nancy Albert, PhD, CCNS, CCRN, NE-BC, Kathleen Trochelman, RN, MSN,Jianbo Li, PhD, and Songhua Lin, MS.Signs And Symptomsof Heart Failure: Areyou Asking The Rightquestions

12. Ana Luísa Pécurto Cartaxo. Nanoparticles types and properties – understanding these Promising devices in the biomedical area

13. Saba HasanA Review on Nanoparticles: Their Synthesis and Types Vol. 4(ISC-2014), 1-3 (2015)

14. Gaurav Tiwari, Ruchi Tiwari,Birendra Sriwastwa, L Bhati,P Pandey,Saurabh K Bannerjee Drug delive system;An updated review Year 2012 Volume 2 Page 2-12

15. R.R.Bhagwat and I.S.Vaidhya Novel Drug Delivery System;An Overview

16. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartFailure/AboutHeartFailure/What-is-Heart-Failure_UCM_002044_Article.jsp#mainContent

17. http://wwwheart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/CongestionalHeartDefects/AboutCongentialHeartDefects/How-the-Healty-Heart-Works_UCM_307016_Article.jsp#mainContent

Received on 13.07.2018 Modified on 17.08.2018

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2018; 11(12): 5669-5671.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.01026.0