Orodispersible Tablets: Novel Strategies and future challenges in Drug Delivery
Fady A. Malaak1, Khalid Abu Zeid1, Shahinaze A. Fouad1*, Mohamed A. El-Nabarawi2
1Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Cairo, Egypt.
2Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University,
Kasr El-aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: shahinazeamry9@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Oral route is presented as the gold standard of drug delivery systems within the pharmaceutical industry being the most safe, non-invasive and the most economic route of administration. This in return elevates the patient compliance and adherence to the treatment as being approved as the most convenient drug delivery system. However, a special section of patients such as geriatrics, pediatrics, disabled and mentally-ill patients find some difficulties in handling conventional oral dosage forms like tablets and capsules. For example, elderly patients usually suffer from weak shaking hands, difficulty in swallowing and inability to drink water properly which make dealing with conventional oral dosage forms a hard mission. Also, another major section of patients can hardly use the oral conventional dosage forms as a result of sudden allergic attacks, motion sickness, nauseous, uncooperative patients and also travellers who might not have an easy water access. Moreover, oral drug delivery is usually incomplete if the drug is exposed to hepatic first pass effect, which in turn lowers the bioavailability of many drugs. Consequently, advancement in oral drug delivery systems provided a vast number of technologies including the production of orodispersible tablets (ODTs). Over many decades, these systems offered a successful alternative to conventional oral drug delivery systems. Since their production to the pharmaceutical market in the 1980s, they became one of the rapidly growing industrial channels. Many technologies including conventional and patented ones adopted the production of ODTs. In this article, several core aspects are discussed including the history of ODTs development, their advantages, disadvantages, techniques and patented technologies used in their preparation, also, methods of evaluation and future challenges of ODTs.
KEYWORDS: Orodispersible tablets, Bioavailability, History of ODTs, Patented technologies, Future challenges.
INTRODUCTION:
Drug delivery systems (DDSs) play a major role in boosting pharmaceutical products within the industrial market. Among the various DDSs available to provide systemic effects, oral DDSs represent the most favored route of drug administration. This is due to many reasons such as; ease of administration, accurate dose, high level of patient compliance, safety and non-invasiveness being compared with the parenteral route of administration[1].
However, some problems are encountered with oral dosage forms such as; dysphagia for almost 50% of the population especially geriatrics, unconscious, disabled, mentally-ill and pediatric patients[2],[3],[4]. Also, oral DDSs are often accompanied with diminished bioavailability due to hepatic first pass metabolism of several drugs such as; paracetamol[5] and dapoxetine[6]. To overcome the aforementioned disadvantages and guarantee the benefits related to solid dosage forms, advanced technologies provided a vast number of DDSs including the production of orodispersible tablets (ODTs).
Over the last three decades, ODTs gained a highly increasing interest in the pharmaceutical market. ODTs are defined as being oral solid dosage forms that disintegrate rapidly within the mouth liberating the dose-loaded active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). They are also known as orally disintegrating, fast-dissolving, fast-disintegrating and mouth dissolving tablets, where they rapidly dissolve or melt and quickly disintegrate within the oral cavity[7],[8]. They are solid dosage forms similar to conventional tablets but, they contain superdisintegrants that aid in dissolving the ODT, without water intake, within a time range of 3 seconds to 3 minutes in the presence of saliva thus, eliminating dysphagia[9]. This is because of the highly porous nature of the ODTs which increases the ingression of mouth fluids through a capillary action leading to fast disintegration. So, ODTs performance depends mainly on their formulation parameters encountered during their preparation so as to augment their porous nature. This could happen through using the suitable disintegrants and hydrophilic excipients[10].
The expanded market production of ODTs is achieved due to the advanced technologies used in their manufacture and their considerable advantages over the past decades, compared to the conventional oral dosage forms like tablets and capsules. Hence, ODTs technology has been used successfully in the production of various active pharmaceutical ingredients such as; central nervous system (CNS) stimulants[11], antidepressants[12], anti-inflammatory drugs[13], centrally acting muscle relaxants[14] antihistaminic agents[15,16], antiemetic agents[17], anti-vertigo agents[18], medications for erectile dysfunction[19,20], medications for premature ejaculation[21] and stress hypertension and anxiety agents [22].
Accordingly, ODTs exhibit many advantages[23],[24],[25], [26],[27],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32] which include ease of administration for children, elderly, unconscious patients and patients with dysphagia. Being of advantage for travellers and people with no water access as they can be administered without water. They are economic with lower manufacturing cost compared to conventional oral DDSs. Also, they exhibit increased patients acceptance and compliance especially children because a better taste can be achieved by taste masking excipients. They are designed to provide a pleasant mouth feel, leaving no residue after administration. Moreover, rapid drug absorption and enhanced drug bioavailability are achieved. Since the oral cavity is rich in blood supply, ODTs find it as an attractive site for delivery of drugs into the systemic circulation resulting in a rapid onset of action[33], and hence rapid absorption. In addition, the drug is directly delivered to the systemic circulation, by-passing the hepatic first pass metabolism[34] thus, enhancing the bioavailability of drugs administered via the conventional oral route, in addition to the reduced dose and side effects[35]. On the other hand, ODTs exhibit some disadvantages such as[36],[37],[38]; being hygroscopic in nature, which is due to the incorporation of water soluble excipients in order to enhance rapid dissolution of ODTs. These excipients make ODTs susceptible to environmental moisture and humidity. ODTs are sometimes fragile with weak mechanical strength which make them unable to withstand packaging and shipping therefore, they require special packaging for their safety and stability. Sometimes only decreased amount of drug dose can be loaded into ODTs. Palatability is considered one of the main critical points for a successful ODT especially for children and elderly where their taste sensation can differ from that of the rest of the population[39].
History of ODTs development:
In 1986, Zydis, a technology used to manufacture ODTs, was developed by R.P. Scherer Corporation, then several companies led their way to produce ODT products. In August 1993, the first commercial ODT product, famotidine was launched in Sweden from Merck and Co. and in November of the same year, Janssen Pharmaceutica developed Imodium lingual (Ioperamide) using the Zydis technology. In December 1996, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Claritin RediTabs (loratadine) from from Schering-Plough. Table (1) shows the development of ODTs products from 1996 till 2019. In the last decades, ODTs has gained an extremely growing section in the pharmaceutical market.
Table (1): ODT products from 1996 till 2019[41] , [42]
|
Author |
Drug |
Year |
Author |
Drug |
Year |
|
Makino et al. |
Active substance |
1996 |
Patel et al. |
Glipizide |
2009 |
|
Warner Lambert Co. et al. |
Active substance |
1998 |
Tiwariet al. |
Celecoxib |
2010 |
|
Giliset al. |
GalanthamineHBr |
2000 |
Panwaret al. |
Piroxicam |
2011 |
|
William et al. |
Efavirenz |
2001 |
Raoet al. |
Baclofen |
2012 |
|
Simone et al. |
Ibuprofen |
2002 |
Layer et al. |
Risperidone |
2013 |
|
John et al. |
Active substance |
2003 |
Babuet al. |
Carbamazepine |
2014 |
|
Callihanet al. |
Caffeine |
2004 |
Mundeet al. |
Lansoprazole |
2015 |
|
Szamosiet al. |
Ibuprofen |
2005 |
Durgabhavaniet al. |
Valsartan |
2016 |
|
Singh et al. |
Nimesulide |
2006 |
Aleksandra et al. |
Cetirizine dihydrochloride |
2017 |
|
J. J. Kim et al. |
Risperidone |
2007 |
Hadyahet al. |
Diclofenac sodium |
2018 |
|
Patel et al. |
Etoricoxib |
2008 |
Svenjaet al. |
Warfarin sodium |
2019 |
Figure (1): Scientific research development related to ODTs in the last two decades
Table (2): Examples of ODT marketed products [43]
|
Brand name |
Active drug |
Manufacturer |
Brand name |
Active drug |
Manufacturer |
|
Benadryl Fastmelt |
Diphenhydramine and Pseudoephedrine |
Warner-Lambert, NY, USA |
Maxalt MLT |
Rizatriptan |
Merck and Co., NJ, U.S.A |
|
Domperidon Ebb |
Domperidon |
Ebbmedical, Sweden |
Nasea OD |
RamosetoronHCl |
Yamanouchi |
|
FeldeneFastMelt |
Piroxicam |
PfizerInc., NY, U.S.A |
Imodium Ist antMelts |
Loperamide HCL |
Janssen, UK |
|
Febrectol |
Paracetamol |
Prographarm, Chateauneuf, France |
Tempra Quiclets |
Acetaminophen |
Bristol-Myers SquibbNY, USA |
|
GasterD |
Famotidine |
Yamanouchi |
ZelaparTM |
Selegiline |
Amarin Corp., London, |
Figure (1) shows a flow diagram of research studies and publications related to development of ODTs within the last two decades. Also, table (2) shows examples of the most popular ODT commercial products that are available in the market. Different methods and techniques used in the manufacturing of ODTs including both conventional and patented technologies will be discussed below in details [40].
Conventional technologies:
1- Direct compression:
It is the most easy and cost effective manufacturing technique for ODTs. ODTs prepared by direct compression needs a standard equipment and a mixture of drug and excipients, especially the improved tablet excipients such as superdisintegrants and sugar-based excipients which lead to rapid tablets disintegration and enhanced dissolution. Hence, disintegration is considered a prerequisite for subsequent dissolution, which is the key step in preparing ODTs using this technology[44]. Examples of superdisintegrants include Crosscarmellose®, Ac-Di-Sol®, Crosspovidone, Sodium starch glycolate, Alginic acid, Satialgine®, Soy polysacharrides®, Emcosoy® and Calcium silicate[45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51]. Examples of sugar based excipients include dextrose, maltose, fructose, mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol. Imparting sugar based excipients within an ODT formulation is beneficial due to being cost effective, having high aqueous solubility and sweet taste therefore, they are used for taste masking and producing a pleasant mouth feel[52], [53].
2- Freeze-drying or Lyophilization[54]:
In this method, the ODT formulation (including the drug and the excipients) is firstly frozen below –18°C then, the pressure of the system is reduced giving the necessary heat that allows the sublimation process. The drug becomes physically entrapped in a water soluble matrix, which is then freeze-dried to provide a product that is highly porous and has a large surface area. The increased porosity of the produced matrix enhances its disintegration and subsequent dissolution. The main advantage of this technique is that it can be used for heat sensitive drugs thus, eliminating the adverse effect of high temperature on such APIs. The ideal drug candidate to be formulated by lyophilization is tasteless, water insoluble, with particle size smaller than 50 µm [9]. This technique is used in some patented technologies such as Zydis®, Lyoc®, and Quicksolv® technologies [55] ,[56]
3- Tablet molding:
Molded tablets are solid dispersions. Since the dispersion matrix is made from sugars that are water soluble, they provide enhanced taste and rapid disintegration. Two methods are used to prepare ODTs using the molding technique namely compression molding and heat molding. Compression molding involves dampening the powder mixture, which is a blend of the drug and excipients, with a hydroalcoholic solvent followed by pressing into mold plates to form a wetted mass. This step is then followed by air drying. The produced ODTs are less compact compared to compressed tablets, having a porous structure which accelerates their dissolution. Also, molded tablets can be prepared by heat molding which involves dissolving or dispersing the drug in a molten matrix. In this method, agar solution is used as a binder. A suspension composed of the active constituent, agar and a kind of sugar such as; lactose or mannitol is poured into a blister packaging, left to solidify at room temperature then, drying takes place under vacuum at 30ºC. Another method is called the “no-vacuum lyophilization” can be used. This method involves solvent evaporation from the drug solution or suspension at the standard pressure. Molded tablets acquire rapid disintegration because of the dispersion matrix and generally improved taste due to the involvement of water soluble sugars[24].
4- Sublimation:
The presence of a porous structure in the tablet matrix is the key stone to rapid disintegration for ODTs. In order to generate this porous matrix, volatile ingredients are used that are then subjected to sublimation. Examples of ingredients that are highly volatile include ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, camphor, naphthalene, urea and urethane. These are called sublimating agents intended for forming a porous matrix. Also, some solvents such as benzene and cyclohexane are used to generate matrix porosity. Tablets manufactured by this method have been reported to disintegrate within ten to twenty seconds [57], [58].
5- Mass extrusion:
This technique involves softening the drug-excipients blend using polyethylene glycol and methanol, followed by expulsion of this mass through an extruder or a syringe. An extrudate that is cylindrical in shape is produced which is then cut into uniform segments via a heated blade, forming tablets. An advantage of this method is being efficient in masking bitter taste of drugs through coating the granules [59] ,[60] , [36].
6- Spray drying:
This method is broadly used pharmaceutical industry[24] as it requires only a one-step process. Also, it is easily controlled and can be easily scaled up [61]. This technique was used in preparation of microspheres where the particle size can be determined by the size of the nozzle of the spray dryer [61]. Extremely porous, fine powders are obtained by this technique accordingly, it was used to prepare ODTs [62]. Formulations of ODTs include a matrix forming agent such as gelatin, a bulking agent such as mannitol and a disintegrating agent such as; croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate[29]. Effervescent additives such as; citric acid and sodium bicarbonate can be added to the formulations in order to enhance their dissolution and disintegration. ODTs produced via spray drying disintegrate in less than 30 seconds [62].
Patented technologies:
1- Zydis® Technology:
The Zydis® technology is the most popular example of the lyophylization method. Zydis® formulations are composed of sugars such as; mannitol and polymers such as; gelatin, dextran, alginates and polyvinylpyrrolidone, in which the drug is physically entrapped. The formed solution or dispersion of such components is filled into blisters then frozen in liquid nitrogen. The solvent is then removed to produce porous matrices that are very light in weight. Zydis® units are packed in peelable foil blisters. Since the water content in the Zydis® units is very low, the chance for microbial growth is also very low and hence, Zydis® units are considered to be self-preserving. A known limitation to this technology is that the amount of insoluble drug should be < 400 mg and the amount of soluble drug should be < 60 mg. Also, sedimentation during manufacturing should be controlled therefore, particle size of insoluble drugs should be in the range of 50-200 µm [63]. Examples of products based on the Zydis® technology include, Ondansetron®Zydis, Feldene® Melt, Zofran® ODT®, Claritin®Reditab®, and Zyprexa®Zydis® [64], [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69].
2- OraSolv®, PakSolv® and DuraSolv® Technologies:
Orasolv® is the first ODT formulation produced by Cima Labs. This formulation was based on low compression pressure. The formulation includes the drug, which is taste-masked, together with disintegrating agents as well as effervescent agents including organic acids and bases, which constitute almost 20 – 25% of the ODT’s weight. Examples of organic acids include citric acid, maleic acid or fumaric acid. Examples of bases include sodium, potassium or magnesium bicarbonate. The use of such effervescent agents leads to rapid disintegration of the ODT (in < 1 minute) upon contacting saliva or water. This technology allows blending a broad range of active ingredients up to 500 mg[70]. Because of the very fragile characters of the Orasolv® ODTs, special packaging known as PakSolv® were designed for them. These protective packaging blisters are dome-shaped. They are resistant to transport and storage breaking, light and moisture [71] ,[72] , [73] , [74]. DuraSolv® is the second ODT formulation produced by Cima Labs. DuraSolv® exhibit greater mechanical strength than OraSolv®, this is due to the high compact pressure during the tableting procedure. As a result, the produced Durasolv® ODTs are rigid and durable thus, can be packaged in conventional packaging blisters. However, the high compact pressure can result in fracture and exposure of the taste-masked drug coating leading to a bitter taste, unlike OraSolv®. Consequently, DuraSolv® is suitable for only small doses of APIs [75] ,[9] , [69] , [37].
3- Flashtab® Technology:
This technology uses granular excipients to produce ODTs. The used excipients include both disintegrating and swelling agents together with microgranules of taste-masked drugs. Disintegrating agents include carboxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Swelling agents include starch, microcrystalline cellulose, directly compressible sugars, …etc. Granulation of the excipients occur either by the dry or the wet granulation techniques which is then followed by tablets compression. The produced ODTs can endure pressure during packaging into blisters. Most importantly is that blisters should be made of high quality polyvinyl chloride or aluminum foils in order to protect the hygroscopic materials from moisture [59] , [36].
4- Advatab® Technology:
Eurand’s Advatab® patented technology is based on external lubrication of the tablet surface. This process result in rigid and durable tablets excluding the high compression forces needed during their manufacture. Microencapsulation is employed in this technique in order to enclose the API with a gastro-soluble polymer. This limits the API dissolution in the mouth instead, it allows its quick dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract. Examples of polymers used in microencapsulation of bitter drugs include hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate phthalate and ethylcellulose. Advatab® ODTs are typically convenient for patients experiencing difficulty in swallowing as they disintegrate quickly in the mouth in less than 30 seconds, without the need of water [76][54] , [77].
5- Wowtab® Technology:
This technology is a fast dissolving tablet dosage form that is developed and patented by Yamanouchi Pharma Technologies where, “Wow” means “without water”. In this technology, saccharides are used to prepare granules. The used saccharides have different moldable capacities. The higher the moldable capacity, the slower the dissolution due to the higher compressibility and vice versa. Examples of low moldable sugars are glucose, sucrose, lactose, mannitol and erythritol and those which are high moldable sugars include sorbitol, maltitol and maltose. In this technology, the drug is blended with low moldable saccharide then, granulated with high moldable sachharide followed by compression into tablets. The rapid dissolution characteristics of the Wow tablets, which is ≤ 15 seconds are due to the integration of low and high moldable sugars together. The produced tablets are also adequately hard thus, they can be packaged into conventional blisters and bottles [65] ,[78] , [71] , [36][79].
6- Lyoc® Technology:
This technology is owned and patented by Cephalon Corporation. It was the first lyophilization technique used for production of ODTs. In this technique, the formulation is composed of drugs, fillers and thickening agents as well as surfactants, flavors and sweetening agents. This solution or suspension is filled into blisters and subjected to freeze drying. In order to produce a uniform and homogeneous mixture, viscosity can be increased by adding a large amount of an inert filler such as mannitol. This results in reduced porosity and denser tablets with relatively lower disintegration rates than other fast dissolved formulations. A great advantage of Lyoc® formulations is the absence of preservatives [80] ,[24] , [69] , [81] , [82].
7- Pharmaburst® Technology:
This technology offers fast-dissolving drug delivery systems that are patented by SPI Pharma. Excipients are co-processed to produce a tablet that dissolves within 30-40 seconds. This process involves dry mixing of the API, a flavor and a lubricant. This mixture is then compressed into tablets using a standard tablet press, under normal temperature. This technology permits the production of ODTs with high robustness, low friability and fast disintegration. Also, the produced ODTs can be packaged in standard packaging equipment thus, decreasing the packaging cost of the product[71], [80], [73], [83][79], [77][84].
8- Quicksolv® Technology:
Quicksolv® formulations are prepared by the freeze drying technique. The first solvent used is usually water where a formulation’s components are dissolved followed by freezing. When this solution becomes solid in structure, it is contacted with the second solvent which is soluble in the first one such as; acetone, methanol and ethanol. The formulation’s components should not dissolve in the second solvent such that the first solvent will be removed after few hours from its contact with the second one leaving an ODT matrix. This matrix have both uniform porosity which allows instant disintegration and adequate strength for handling. The ideal drug features required for this technology are relative low aqueous solubility, fine particle size less than 50μm and good aqueous stability in the suspension[68] , [84].
9- Frosta® Technology:
Frosta® is a technology patented by Akina. Its concept depends on the compression of highly plastic granules, at low pressure to produce a fast-dissolving tablet. The produced tablets are rigid with high porosity. The highly plastic granules are composed of a plastic material that is porous and water soluble and/or dispersible, water penetration enhancer and a binder. These components are mixed together in specific ratios. This technique offers the production of hard ODTs with fast disintegration time that ranges from few to 30 seconds [85] , [79] , [69].
Methods of ODTs evaluation:
1- Physicochemical characterization:
ODTs are evaluated by performing tests for friability, hardness, thickness and uniformity of weight, according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) [86]. Friability is a measure of the ODTs’ mechanical strength during shipment and transportation. Methods of manufacturing of ODTs are responsible for the % friability estimates therefore, friability results should be within certain limits (0.1 - 0.9%). This test is done through a friability tester where, a known number of pre-weighed tablets (W0) are placed in a transparent chamber rotating at 25 revolutions per minute (rpm) for four minutes (resulting in 100 revolutions) where, tablets are dropped at a fixed height of 6 inches. This simulates the shock and abrasion effects that happens during handling and storage. Then, tablets are de-dusted and reweighed (W1). The % friability is determined from the following equation:
W0-W1
% Friability=––––––––×100[87] ,[88]
W0
Hardness is the force required to break a tablet. It is determined using the conventional hardness tester. The hardness of 6 ODTs/batch at 0.5, 1, 1.5 tons are determined (Kg/cm2) [87] ,[89]. Another important physical parameter is the thickness of ODTs which can be determined using Varnier calipers. The test is done on an average of five tablets. Also, the uniformity of weight is another important parameter as it reflects the uniformity of drug content within the prepared ODTs. This test is done by weighing the total weight of 20 tablets where, the average weight of each tablet is calculated by taking their mean to find out the weight variation [59] ,[90].
2- Wetting time:
It is a test simulating the action of saliva in the buccal cavity. It measures the porosity and the capillarity of ODTs and it also implies their disintegration characteristics [91] ,[73] , [92]. This test is done in a petri dish (having a diameter = 7- 8.5 cm), where an ODT is placed on Whatman filter paper that is folded once. A small known volume of water, containing a water soluble, colored dye such as; Rhodamine or Methylene blue is added to the petri dish. The time measured for the appearance of the dye to reach the surface of the ODT is called the wetting time. Longer wetting times reflect decreased porosity of ODTs which may be due to the increased compression force during the manufacturing process [93] ,[94].
3- Disintegration time:
ODTs generally disintegrate in < 1 minute [95] while, the actual disintegration time a patient can experience ranges from 5-30 seconds[73]. Conventional methods for determining the disintegration time needs to be modified since these methods are not designed to measure very short disintegration times as in case of ODTs. Thus, a modified dissolution apparatus containing a basket sinker where, ODTs are placed just below the water surface (900 mL water) adjusted at 37ºC and a rotating shaft (100 rpm). When the ODT has totally passed the sinker and has completely disintegrated, time is recorded, this is the disintegration time [75].
4- Moisture uptake studies:
Moisture uptake studies are designed to determine the stability of ODTs. This is because ODTs contain high concentrations of water-soluble and hygroscopic excipients. This test is done by placing 10 tablets in a dessicator (over Calcium Chloride) at 37ºC for one day, to secure complete drying of tablets. Tablets are weighed and subjected to 75% relative humidity (RH) for 14 days, while being kept at room temperature. The needed RH (75%) is acquired by keeping saturated sodium chloride solution at the bottom of the desiccator for 3 days. One tablet (not containing superdisintegrant) is taken as a control in order to measure the moisture uptake due to other excipients then tablets are weighed to record the percentage increase in weight [75] , [68] , [96].
5- Dissolution test:
Dissolution tests for ODTs are similar practically to those tests done for conventional tablets. The USP paddle II apparatus is the most common choice used for dissolution studies of ODTs. The media used can be 0.1 M HCl and buffer either pH 4.5 or pH 6.8 with a rotating shaft at 50 rpm. Because of the very fast dissolution of ODTs, slower rotating shaft speed are used in order to be able to obtain a dissolution profile [97] ,[75].
Future challenges:
Oral drug delivery systems encompass a great segment of the pharmaceutical market that is continually growing every year especially the ODTs section. This is because of their unique self formulation characters such as; fast delivery action and enhanced patient compliance. Therefore, pharmaceutical development should be increasingly worked on in order to include more types of oral drugs within the ODTs moieties. For example, involving ODTs in delivering proteins and peptides. These moieties degrade when administered via conventional oral tablets and are formulated mainly within injection formulations thus, development of improved oral protein-ODT delivery technology will save the patients from unfavorable injection hazards [84]. Also, development of future ODTs serving controlled release drug delivery systems, especially with short half-lived drugs is considered an important future target. Moreover, formulating drugs with large doses is considered a great challenge within ODTs technological development [65] as well as taste-masking technologies.
CONCLUSION:
Fast-dissolving dosage forms have solved many of the problems encountered within drug administration for a vast majority of the population including pediatrics, geriatrics, psychotic patients and patients with no water access. ODTs gain special characteristics that render them a unique dosage form and an easy route of administration with an ultimate clinical output. Many drugs can be formulated as ODTs especially unpalatable drugs and drugs with lowered bioavailabilities. However, research studies are still in progress in order to develop novel ODT pharmaceutical products including more classes of drugs. Owing to the enhanced technological developments, the coming ODTs future trends will bring greatly different disciplines within the pharmaceutical market.
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Received on 22.05.2019 Modified on 30.06.2019
Accepted on 25.07.2019 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(11):5575-5582.
DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00966.1