GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents of Methanolic Bark Extract of Sterculia foetida
Koushik Jana, Abhijit Ghosh, Biplab Debnath, Sonjit Das*
Bharat Technology, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: dsonjit@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Species of the genus Sterculia have been shown to have a variety of secondary metabolites. However, there has not been the subject of significant research. This study is conducted to determine the phytocomponents in the methanolic bark extract of Sterculia foetida by GC-MS using a Shimadzu QP 2010 Ultra comprising an equipped with MS, ECD, and FID detector. This analysis revealed that the methanol extract of Sterculia foetida (bark) contained a total of 34 phytoconstituents and out of that Lupeol (63.81%), Lup-20(29)-en-3-one (5.54%) n-Hexadecenoic acid (5.73), and Vanillic acid (1.22%) were found to be in higher concentration. Lupeol has been reported to possess antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, chemopreventive, and wound healing activity, while no activity was reported in Lup-20(29)-en-3-one. Vanillic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, Anti-Alzheimer, antiglycation, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective effects. From the results, it is evident that S. foetida contains various bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of pharmaceutical importance.
KEYWORDS: GC-MS analysis, Phytocomponents, Sterculia foetida, Methanolic bark extract.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Plants have been used as source of food and medicine since ancient time. Plants are rich source of bioactive compound. Plant bioactive substances are currently the focus of a lot of research. Numerous phytochemicals, usually referred to as secondary metabolites, are found in plants. Due to their individual, additive, or synergistic effects on health, phytochemicals are helpful in the treatment of some illnesses1. It has been demonstrated that in vitro screening techniques might offer the essential first observations required to choose unprocessed plant extracts with possibly beneficial qualities for additional chemical and pharmacological research2. The discovery of active principles in natural sources is the first step in the creation of novel medications. Plant extract screening is a novel method for identifying therapeutically active chemicals in diverse plant species.
The discovery of active principles in natural sources is the first step in the creation of novel medications. Plant extract screening is a novel method for identifying therapeutically active chemicals in diverse plant species. Phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, tannins, saponin, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, terpenoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, phenols, coumarins, proteins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, phytosterols etc. are present in the plant3. The GC-MS technique for extract analysis can be a useful tool for determining the quantity of active principles in herbs used in the cosmetic, medicine, pharmaceutical, or food industries. Sterculia foetida belongs Malvaceae family, a deciduous wild plant primarily found in tropical and subtropical areas between the latitudes of 30°N and 35°S. It is cultivated all over the world, including in Australia, Bangladesh, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysiaa, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, and the Republic of Zanzibar4. Recently, Sterculia foetida has received much attention from researchers and several studies have been conducted to evaluate the chemical constituents of the leaves and extract biodiesel from the seeds4. Another study reported the aesthetic and wellness properties of Sterculia foetida fruit shell waste biomolecules on Silk5. The gum of the plant has been used as a pharmaceutical excipient in different drug formulations6,7. The goal of this work was to identify bioactive chemicals from the methanolic extract of Sterculia foetida bark using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Sterculia foetida was collected from rural area of Uluberia, Howrah District, West Bengal, India, and identified by Dr. K. Karthigeyan, Scientist- ‘E’, in the voucher no CNH/Tech.II/2022/126 at Botanical survey of India, Central National Herbarium, Howrah, 711103. The Department of Pharmacognosy at Bharat Technology, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316, has a herbarium of the plant species.
2.2 Preparation of extract:
The bark of the Sterculia foetida was collected from wild, shade dried, and pulverized to powder using a mixer grinder. The bark powder of S. foetida, weighing about 2kg, was transferred to a beaker. After removal of chlorophyll and lipid by petroleum ether the extractive product is used for successive solvent extraction according their polarity i.e., Ethyl acetate, Methanol and water passes through Soxhlet apparatus. Extracts were filtered and evaporated to dryness. The percentage yields of the extracts were measured respectively. Absolute alcohol was used to moisten the filter paper and sodium sulphate before filtering. Nitrogen gas is then bubbled into the filtrate to concentrate it to 1ml. The extract contains both polar and nonpolar components of the plant material, and 2µl of the sample of the solutions was employed in GC-MS for analysis of different compound.
3. GC-MS analysis:
Shimadzu QP 2010 Ultra (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) was used to carried out the GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract of S. foetida. GC MS comprising an equipped with MS, ECD and FID detector. An electron ionization device operation in the electron impact mode with ionization energy of 70eV was used for GC-MS detection.Flow rate of helium (99.999%, AGA Lithuania) carrier gas was set at 14.1mL/min, and an injection volume of 1.00µl was employed (a split ratio of 1:0). The injector temperature and ion-source temperature were maintained at 250°C and 200°C respectively. The oven temperature was programmed from 70°C (hold for 5min), with an increase of 10°C/min to 310°C. Mass spectra were taken at 70 eV; a scan interval of 0.5 s and fragments from 45 to 450 Da.The solvent delay ranged from 0 to 2minutes, and the GC/MS ran for a total of 36 minutes.
Identification of phytocomponents:
Interpretation on mass-spectrum GC-MS was conducted using the database of central instrumentation laboratory CUPB, Ghudda, Bathinda having more than 62,000 patterns. The spectrum of the unknown components was compared with the spectrum of known components stored in the NIST library. The name, molecular weight, and structure of the components of the test materials were ascertained.
1. RESULT:
The GC-MS chromatogram of the methanolic extract of S. foetida revealed 34 peaks [Figure 1], indicating the presence of phytochemical components. After cross-referencing with the CUPB library's mass spectra, a total 31 phytocompounds were identified and are listed in Table 1. The mass spectra of all the phytochemicals identified in the whole plant ethanolic extract of S. foetida were presented in Table 2.
Figure 1: GC-MS chromatogram of S. foetida methanolic extracts.
Table 1: Analysis of S. foetida phytocomponents by GC-MS
Table 2: Mass spectrum and structure of phytocomponents identified by GC-MS in the methanolic extracts of S. foetida.
|
Morpholine, TMS Derivatives
|
Dodecane
|
|
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol
|
Pentadecane
|
|
2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol
|
Vanillic acid
|
|
Phenol, 3,4,5-trimethoxy
|
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy
|
|
7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6
|
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester
|
|
n-Hexadecanoic acid
|
9,11-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester
|
|
Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester
|
Methyl stearate
|
|
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- |
2H-2,4a-Methanonaphthalene, 1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,1,5,5
|
|
Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, heptyl ester
|
2,5-di-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzoquinone
|
|
Octacosane |
Tetracosane |
|
Benzamide, N-(2'-ethylphenyl)- |
Nonacosane
|
|
Tetrapentacontane
|
13-Docosenamide, (Z)-
|
|
Dotriacontane
|
Calcifediol
|
|
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, oleate
|
Lup-20(29)-en-3-one
|
|
Lupeol
|
Testosterone cypionate
|
|
Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate |
|
4. DISCUSSION:
The GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract Sterculia foetida (bark) reported the presence of a total 34 phytocompounds and out of these Lupeol (63.81%), Lup-20(29)-en-3-one (5.54%), n-Hexadecenoic acid (5.73), Vanillic acid (1.22%) were found to be higher in concentration compared to other. Lupeol has been reported to possess antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, chemo preventive, and wound healing activity8 and hepatoprotective effect9,10,11 and nephroprotective effect 11,12 while the no activity was reported for Lup-20(29)-en-3-one. In addition, n-Hexadecenoic acid revealed anti-inflammatory activity13. In another study vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid) was reported that it is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavouring agent. It is used in the synthesis of various active pharmaceutical ingredients such as Etamivan, Modecainide, Brovanexine, Vanitiolide, Vanyldisulfamideetc14, it is also reported to possess antioxidant15, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects16, Anti-Alzheimer activity15, antiglycation effect17, antibacterial activity18, and hepatoprotective effect19 in human body. Vanillic acid exerted anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress effects against lipopolysaccharides-stimulated human lung fibroblasts through inactivation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways20. Other compounds which are present in tracer amount like 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, Benzoic acid,4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy, are reported topossess antimicrobial activity21 antifungal22 and anti-inflammatory23 activities respectively. The compound hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and 2,5-di-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzoquinone are reported to have anti-bacterial activity24,25. The compound Tetracosane shows some cytotoxic activity26 and Calciferol is reported for correction of Vitamin-D deficiency27.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors are thankful to Principal, Bharat Technology, Dr. Biplab Debnath, (Uluberia) and the head of the department Dr. Sonjit Das, and the management for providing us all the facilities.
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Received on 27.02.2023 Modified on 05.07.2023
Accepted on 10.11.2023 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2023; 16(12):5624-5630.
DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00909