INTRODUCTION:

Members of the Cucurbitaceae family, often known as gourds, are widely grown in tropical, subtropical, arid desert, and temperate climates¹. The therapeutic efficacy and minimal adverse effects of herbal medicines have led to their widespread use worldwide². According to some studies, watermelon rind contains many nutrients, including protein, fiber, carbohydrates, minerals such as iron, manganese, zinc, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, and vitamins A, B and C^3,4. The ripe fruits are used to make confections and are edible⁵. When it comes to phytochemicals and antioxidants, watermelon seeds are superior to those found in navy beans and teff millet. Rich in linoleic acid, an important fatty acid, it has several health advantages^6,7.

These bioactive compounds in watermelon rind have medical benefits such as antioxidant, antibacterial, hemoglycemic, antiviral, blood pressure lowering, anti-carcinogenic, neuroprotective, immune system function enhancing, heart disease risk reducing, blood pressure improving, LDL oxidation reducing and heart protective effects^8,9,10.

Numerous studies have shown that watermelon rind is rich in dietary fiber and nutrients and can be used in various pharmacological products. This wastage is due to inadequate knowledge on storage as many growers harvest watermelons at most twice a season. Many farmers also struggle to market, process and transport watermelons. All these factors contribute to about 30% of watermelons not being harvested each year^11,12. Utilizing food waste in meals and medications may enhance food availability, advance health, and lessen the environmental impact of trash¹³.

The chemical components in watermelon rind are beneficial in Pharmacy:

Investigation carried out by Olugbenga S. et al. Distilled water, lead acetate (Pb; 5mg/kg) with or without watermelon rind extract (WM; 400mg/kg), WM+Pb (WM pretreatment for 15 days), Pb+WM (WM posttreatment for 15 days), and concurrent (WM-Pb) were administered to thirty male Wistar rats for a total of thirty days. Lead poisoning resulted in a drop in body weight and an increase in blood levels of urea, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, hepatotoxic enzymes, and malondialdehyde. Glutathione peroxidase activity, total protein, nitric oxide, and serum reduced glutathione were all shown to be decreased. However, watermelon rind extract from mice given lead acetate treatment reversed these effects. Through a uric acid/nitric oxide-dependent mechanism, watermelon rind ethanol extract protects against lead acetate-induced liver and kidney damage, at least partially by enhancing antioxidant defense. This illustrates the advantages of this agricultural waste for health and how it may be recycled to reduce pollution in the environment¹⁴.

Study carried out in 2022 by Xiaofen du The free amino acid and volatile content of watermelon rind, pulp, and blended rind/pulp juice (10%, 20%, and 30%) were the main objectives of this investigation. Only the rind of watermelon (165mg/100g) had a greater total amino acid content than the pulp (146mg/100g) out of the 16 free amino acids that were evaluated. The rind contained much more (1.5-fold) and was more abundant in citrulline and arginine (61.4 and 53.8mg/100g, respectively) than the pulp. But there were noticeably fewer amino acids in the rind. The total volatiles (peak area) in watermelon rind were only 15% of those in pulp, according to volatile matter analysis. Out of the 126 volatiles detected, 77 were exclusively detected in the rind, with 56 of them being present in each of the five samples. More than 80% of the volatiles in all samples were made up mostly of alcohols and aldehydes. Both the pulp and rind are mostly composed of nine-carbon aldehydes and alcohol compounds; however, the rind is not as diverse as the pulp, which contains a large amount of additional aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, terpenes, terpenoids, esters, and lactones. The skin of watermelon has a higher than average quantity of primary fragrance components, such as six 9-carbon unsaturated alcohols and 17 aldehydes¹⁵.

According to Maryam Baeeri's 2018 study, one-way ANOVA, the Tukey post hoc test, and GraphPad Prism 6(P<0.05) were used to evaluate the collected data. The findings indicate that increased antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity was obtained from watermelon white rind when the right pre- and extraction procedures were followed. Our findings further highlight the usefulness of watermelon white rind as an affordable, secure whitening and anti-browning ingredient for application in meals, medicines, and cosmetics¹⁶.

In research conducted by Ricardo Duran Baron, 2021 The aim of this study was to encapsulate citrulline extracted from watermelon rind (a by-product) by spray drying. In addition to maltodextrin, two types of pectin were also considered as wall materials: Box-Behnken design was applied and three different parameters were considered as factors: commercial pectin (CP) concentration, orange pectin (OPP) concentration and inlet air temperature. Different powder properties, including drying efficiency and encapsulation efficiency, were evaluated as response variables. The spray drying process was optimized with a desirability function. Higher commercial pectin concentrations resulted in higher drying efficiency, moisture content and encapsulation efficiency. Optimum spray drying conditions were also determined. The powders obtained under the optimum conditions were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. In conclusion, the spray-dried powder of citrulline extract was shown to be stable during storage, so it can be used as an additive in foods to obtain functional products for human consumption¹⁷.

Proximate, Mineral, and Anti-Nutritional Compositions of Melon (Citrullus lanatus) Seeds were studied by Jacob A. G. in 2015. Dry matter (92.90%), organic matter (97.30%), moisture (7.10%), ash (2.70%), crude protein (30.63%), crude fat (49.05%), crude fiber (6.00%), carbohydrate (4.52%), and energy value (582.05kcal/100 g) were all shown in the findings. The greatest iron level (144.70mg/100g) was found in the mineral analysis, followed by the lowest calcium (0.10 mg/100g) and the highest levels of manganese (22.73 mg/100g), zinc (21.05mg/100g), and magnesium (20.46 mg/100g). 043 and a 0.002Ca/P ratio. Oxalate (26.40 mg/100g), tannin (39.40mg/100g), and cyanide (1.56 mg/100g) were the anti-nutritional variables examined¹⁸.

Utilization of watermelon Waste in medicine:

According to research by Alexandra R. Becraft (2022), when the HF diet was supplemented with each watermelon product, it improved changes in fasting blood glucose, circulating serum insulin concentrations, and hepatic metabolite accumulation in obese male mice. When the HF diet was supplemented at moderate levels, fiber-rich additives made from WR and WS further improved glucose metabolism and energy efficiency and changed the composition of the microbiome. The LF control group had a considerably lower end body weight (43.0±1.7g compared with 32.8 ±0.9g, P<0.05) than the HF-fed control group. Mice in the treatment group given watermelon products together with HF had ultimate body weights that were comparable to those of the control group fed HF. Compared to mice given an HF diet alone, mice fed a diet supplemented with watermelon products had serum insulin levels that were roughly 40% (P≤0.05) lower. Individual species or groups showed substantial differences in microbiome populations: When mice fed LF were supplemented with WF, the baseline liver concentrations of eicosanoids and monohydroxy fatty acids were reported to be recovered (P<0.05)¹⁹.

The goal of a 2020 study by James, O. G., and Simon Jr., B., was to examine the hemoglycemic effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of mixed pericarp of C. vulgaris Schrad and C. albidum in rats that were both normal and had been given alloxan to induce diabetes. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of mixed pericarp were administered to 150–200g Wistar albino rats, and the following hemoglycemic effects were examined: After nine days of oral administration, the 1500mg/kg body weight aqueous extract of mixed pericarp (Group 4) demonstrated a highly significant decrease in blood glucose at the P<0.05 level when compared to the ethanol extract of mixed bark (Group 2) and the diabetic control (Group 2) at the same dose. When compared to the diabetes control group, the blood glucose levels of the other group dosage extracts (groups 3, 5, and 6) significantly decreased (P<0.05). As a result, Citrullus vulgaris Schrad and C. albidum combined pericarp aqueous extract might be suggested as a possible hypoglycemic medication for the management of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period²⁰.

For the first time, green technology was used to successfully biosynthesize selenium-silver bimetallic nanoparticles (Se-Ag nanoparticles) from watermelon rind WR extract in a report published in 2023 by Hashem AH. The generated nanoparticles were examined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UVV). The results show that, after the synthesis of bimetallic Se-Ag NPs, Ag NPs' tremendous potential was increased and their toxicity was decreased. Bimetallic Se-Ag NPs also demonstrated synergistic antibacterial activity at low concentrations. Se-Ag NPs were found in TEM, with sizes ranging from 18.3nm to 49.6nm. Se-Ag NPs' smooth surface was seen in the SEM. Bimetallic Se-Ag NPs were tested for cytotoxicity against the Wi38 normal cell line, and the IC50 value was determined to be 168.42µg/mL, confirming the product's safety. The findings demonstrated that, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 12.5 to 50μg/mL, bimetallic Se-Ag NPs had antibacterial action against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxitoca, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, with an IC50 of 21.6 µg/mL, the bimetallic Se-Ag NPs demonstrated encouraging anticancer efficacy against MCF7 cancer cell lines. In conclusion, WR extracts were used to biosynthesize Se-Ag bimetallic NPs, which demonstrated strong antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities²¹. Watermelon rind waste (WPW) is a nutrient-rich, zero-value material that can be used for the production of microbial growth media²².

Figure 1. Antimicrobial activity of Bimetallic Se-Ag NPs, sodium selenite (Se), silver nitrate (Ag), Ampicilin-sulbactam (SAM) and Nystatin (NS) toward E. Coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and C. albicans.

Figure 2. (a) XRD patterns of bimetallic Se-Ag NPs and WR; (b) FTIR analysis of bimetallic Se-Ag NPs and WR extract.

According to studies by Petchsomrit A, 2020, dried pericarp had a DPPH radical scavenging capacity of 0.036 mg a-tocopherol equivalent/g, while dried seeds had a capacity of 0.894mg a-tocopherol equivalent/g. As a result, emulsions and nanoemulsions containing seed oils have been developed into skin care products. The best-performing mixtures maintained their stability for seven days at room temperature or after many cycles of heating and cooling. This research showed that the most agricultural advantages and the least amount of environmental waste may be achieved by using watermelon seed oil in skin care products²³.

Table 1. Useful parts of the watermelon plant

No.	Parts on The Plant	Active Compounds	Activity	Summary of research results	Referens
1	Watermelon seeds (Citrullus lanatus )	Phytochemicals including total phenols (553.93±1.10mg GAE/100g), Total flavonoids (386.12±1.09mgCE/100g), Saponins (0.83±0.09%) and Alkaloids (3.41±0.15%) was found to be in high amount.	Hypertension	Additionally, a substantial (p<0.001) drop in the hypertension individuals' diastolic (8–10 mmHg) and systolic (13–16 mmHg) blood pressure was seen. Therefore, research indicates that watermelon seeds may effectively treat hypertension patients because they have a high concentration of phytochemicals and cations.	(Sajjad et al., 2020)²⁴
2	Watermelon seeds (Citrullus lanatus )	The methanolic watermelon seed extract was subjected to quantitative analysis, revealing the presence of alkaloids at a concentration of 3.08 mg/g, polyphenols at 0.30 mg/g, tannins at 0.12 mg/g, saponins at 0.20 mg/g, and flavonoids at 2.67 mg/g. The vitamin B complex content of watermelon seeds was found to be 0.03 mg/100 g for vitamin B₁, 0.01 mg/100 g for vitamin B₂, 0.64 mg/100 g for vitamin B₃, 0.24 mg/100 g for vitamin B₆, and 0.01 mg/100 g for vitamin B₁₂	Anti-microbial	The aqueous extract exhibited a moderate level of antibacterial activity, with a MIC range of 2.5–20 mg/mL and inhibition zone diameters (IZD) of 15–18 mm. Studies on timekill revealed a bacteriostatic.	(Babaiwa UF, 2020)²⁵
3	Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) Seed and Rind	Saponin, tanin, alkaloid, steroid , flavonoid, Glycosides, terpenoids, and phenol were found present using this drying method (oven drying)	Anti-microbial	Strong antibacterial properties against two fungi, Penicillium oxidaticum and Penicillium chrosogenium, and six bacteria, including Salmonella typhi, Eshericial Coli, Pseudomonas aureginus, Pseudomonas floreescence, and Staphylococcus aureus.	(A. D. Osinubi, O. O. Banjoko, O. H. Anselm, 2020)²⁶
5	flesh (WF), rind (WR), seeds (WS) (Citrullus Lanatus)	L-citrulline, arginine and (poly)phenolic metabolites	Endothelial function	L-citrulline, arginine and (poly)phenolic metabolites were characterized in plasma over 24 h using UHPLC-MS. Endothelial function was assessed using Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD). Technique over 7 h. Maximum concentration (C_max) and area under the curve (AUC_0-8h) of L8 citrulline was significantly higher after WF and WR containing test meals compared to control (p<0.05). Likewise, several individual phenolic metabolites in plasma had significantly higher C_max after WR, WF or WS intake compared to control	(Fan J et al., 2020)²⁷
6	Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) Seed	Saponins and glycosides	hyperglycaemic and hyperlipidaemic, acute toxicity; subacute toxicity	Current study evaluates acute and 28 days repeated toxicity ethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus seed (EECLS) in Wistar rats to measure its safety profile. The single dose (2000 mg/kg BW) of EECLS was administered while in 28 days repeated study 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW were administered orally in rat. . Abridged serum glucose and cholesterol levels during the study designates its role in treatment of hyperglycaemic and hyperlipidaemic condition. The current investigation demonstrated EECLS is non-toxic below 1000 mg/kg BW and provides protection on some body organs. The data propose that LD50 of EECLS was greater than 2000 mg/kg BW and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of EECLS was at dose of 1000mg/kg in rats. Taken together, our finding suggests that, EECLS is safe and provide some protection to body organ, Also, extract can be used for further preclinical and clinical evaluation for its therapeutic activity.	(Belemkar and Shendge, 2021)²⁸
7	Citrullus lanatus Seed Oil	essential fatty acids and antioxidant compounds such as α-tocopherol and vitamin E	Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Potential Antidermatophytic Activity	The C. lanatus seed oil exhibited good antioxidant activity close to ascorbic acid, i.e., IC50- 52.22 µg/ml, 35.72 µg/ml, respectively, and the oil exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity (315.2 µg/ml) as that of the standard drug diclofenac sodium (174.3µg/ml).	(Pathania et al., 2021)²⁹
10	Citrullus Vulgaris Seed	Alkaloids, Tannins, Diterpenes, Glycosides, Lactones, Flavonoids, Saponins, Steroid, Triterpenes	Antimicrobial Potential	Investigations were also made into watermelon seed extract. Seed powder was mechanically shaken with methanol as a solvent for 24 h at RT. Alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and free-reducing sugars were found in the seed extract, while tannins, steroids, and saponins were not detected. The observed antibacterial activity in all examined extracts could potentially be attributed to the presence of alkaloids	(Neglo, 2021)³⁰
11	Flesh Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus	flavonoids contents, lycopene and beta-carotene	Nutritive Values and Antioxidant Activity	showed that the methanol extract of C. lanatus fruit exhibited substantial free radical scavenging activities. This suggests that the fruit is an important source of natural antioxidant and this potential could be attributed to its flavonoids contents, lycopene and beta-carotene quantified in this study	(Adetutu et al., 2015)³¹
12	Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice	100 g of watermelon contains 30 kcal, almost 92% water, 7.55% carbohydrates consisting of 6.2% sugar, and 0.4 fiber. Watermelon is also enriched with vitamin C, citrulline, carotenoids and flavonoids and is free of fat and cholesterol	Antioxidative and antidiabetic activities	All the biochemical analysis showed watermelon effectively protected pancreatic cells death. These results suggest that watermelon has a beneficial effect on diabetes. The hypoglycemic potential shown by watermelon might be due to the presence of some bioactive compounds in the plant juice.	(Oseni et al., 2015)³²
13	Flesh Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus	Phenol, Flavonoids	Antidiabetic	the administration of different doses of the watermelon juice significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the fasting blood glucose level, serum lipid profile, glucose-6-phosphatase, lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats	(Ajiboye et al., 2020)³³
14	Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Peels	flavonoids, sterols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and polyphenols as bioactive have antidiabetic properties	Antidiabetic activity and antioxidant	One potential mechanism of action for WMR might be enhanced blood glucose absorption into the tissues or enhanced insulin release from β-cells in the pancreas.	(Rezq A , 2017)³⁴

CONCLUSION:

Watermelon waste has a lot of ingredients, can function in treatments including treating diabetes and hypertension, and can also be used as an antimicrobial. Its chemical content includes phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and so on, all of which have great benefits.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION:

The researcher express her hight gratitude to the Indonesian Education Scholarships (BPI) and Indonesia Endowment Fund For Education (LPDP)

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors affirm the absence of any conflicting interests.

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Received on 18.01.2024 Modified on 08.04.2024

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2024; 17(10):5113-5118.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00785