INTRODUCTION:

The reverse distribution (RD) of medicines and medical devices (MD) or the reverse logistics (RL) of the movement of pharmaceutical goods from the consumer to the manufacturing enterprise or the disposal and destruction (burial) enterprise is regulated by a number of legislative acts in every state of the world. The need for strict calculation of production volumes by manufacturers of drugs and medical products has become a feature of the pharmaceutical industry, due to the fact that modern equipment and capacities of pharmaceutical enterprises allow to produce a much larger number of drugs and MD than the market can absorb.

Increasing the volume of pharmaceutical production (overproduction) will lead to the accumulation of expired drugs and unusable MD, which will have to be disposed of or, more often, destroyed and buried. Accordingly, pharmaceutical pollution of the planet's environment will grow and threaten flora and fauna, and eventually humanity. However, the Covid-19 pandemic, and then the war launched by the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022, led to the uncontrolled accumulation of medicines and MD, which our state received as humanitarian aid from progressive countries of the world. Some medicines and MD could already have a small remaining shelf life at the time of arrival and border crossing. Medicines and MD that came from foreign health care institutions (PHIs) especially required additional efforts to sort them, since they were mostly already packaged or the medicine was only in the primary packaging. Financial and economic and criminal responsibility for improper storage and untimely delivery of medicines and medical products that have become unusable can be borne by pharmaceutical workers. In order to protect them from the situation predicted above, it is necessary to develop and implement relevant legislation in Ukraine at the level of industry regulations regarding the rules of reverse distribution, disposal and destruction of expired medicines and MD that have become unusable.

As soon as our research was started, it turned out that such a methodological technique was successfully used by other authors who reviewed a significant number of literary sources on a similar topic for different periods of time. The bibliometric research method is best described in the article¹. The authors of the article¹ reviewed the Internet of Things in the field of supply chain management (SCM) and logistics. It should be noted that the Internet of Things unites consumers, manufacturers and distributors, production equipment, distribution firms, pharmacies, transport, various equipment, as well as the entire environment as a whole into a single structure of supply chains, increasing the flexibility, safety and profitability of operations carried out by pharmaceutical companies. Of course, Internet of Things research is attracting significant interest from the SCM and logistics community. The authors of the review¹ conducted a bibliometric analysis of 807 journal articles devoted to research in the field of SCM and logistics in several industry branchs: food, pharmaceutical, building sectorand and retail industry. The evolution of research can be traced since 2000. The year of publication, authors and institutions, and printed editions were analyzed there. Leading journals, authors, universities, and sponsoring countries were identified. The authors used a keyword sharing network as a method of grouping publications. Scientists selected 20 keywords, based on which six clusters were generated. Cluster 5 "Internet of Things for reverse logistics" includes such concepts as: reverse logistics, logistic regression, neural network and production planning. These concepts correlate with research in food technology. Pharmaceutical supply chain is associated with keywords such as: retail supply chain (SC), cold chain, sensors, barcodes, automatic identification, supply chain visibility, GPS and building models. Therefore, the concepts of reverse distribution (RD) and reverse logistics (RL) were not key for research on the Internet of Things in the field of SCM and logistics^1-3. The paper⁴ by researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay presents a review of publications on various aspects of RL and closed-loop SC as important components of the circular economy (CE). Ever-increasing levels of pollution and waste generation have forced industry around the world to incorporate the concept of CE into their supply chains. Currently, it is believed that the CE as a model of economic development is based on ten practical principles (10P). Practices such as Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Renew/Redesign, Recover are of great importance both for the design of pharmaceutical products and for the distribution of drugs at all stages of movement from manufacturer to consumer. The authors of the review⁴ analyzed 80 peer-reviewed articles related to the implementation of CE and various conceptual components, among which were sustainable RL, waste management and extended producer responsibility. The main activities, key drivers and barriers involved in each sector of closed-loop SC were listed. The authors⁴ note that research on these issues has been increasing in recent years. However, further research is needed in the pharmaceutical industry, RL, RD and resource processing industry. In article⁵, the authors consider the resources necessary for the existence of a competitive pharmaceutical organization or production. SCM is the basis for success in the pharmaceutical industry - the process of managing all enterprise activities at all stages of the drug life cycle. Enterprise resources are needed for plant and network design, the possibility of developing new products, improvement in research and development capabilities, reduction of pharmaceutical supplies, etc. The authors⁵ carried out an analysis of 64 articles covering key issues of the pharmaceutical industry: pharmaceutical product design, performance indicators, design of plants and distribution chains, qualified personnel, information technologies, e-business, outsourcing. RL is one of such pressing issues. Based on this analysis, it was concluded that waste management, waste minimization, recycling or reuse has become an issue in international and national regulations. At the same time, medicines that are no longer possible for use can be sent to the manufacturer. Practices for collecting pharmaceutical waste from pharmacies already exist. They involve wholesale distributors for the collection, sorting, processing and disposal of drugs, or cooperation with other system participants. RL design is an expensive and challenging task for the pharmaceutical sector due to the high level of uncertainty in the SC, and the problem of reverse logistics optimization needs further research. The following review of articles^6-38allowed us to analyze the spectrum of scientific research on RD and RL, which can be divided into four main groups: normative and legal foundations of the legislative framework, reverse supply chains of manufacturing pharmaceutical enterprises, wholesale and retail enterprises (pharmacies, hospitals , hospital pharmacies) and RD of individual households. The introduction of cyclic SCM and the influence of the green supply chain on the sustainability of the pharmaceutical industry were considered by the authors of the articles at the level of industrial production of the industry^6,7. In these studies, the methods of generalization, extrapolation and the technique of multi-criteria decision-making were applied. The article⁶ is aimed at developing a model that will help implement cyclical supply chain management in various organizations of the pharmaceutical industry. Cyclical SCM combines circular economy approaches with supply chain management. This concept is new, but is already being implemented in various industries around the world. Among these industries are packaging, automotive, food and others, but pharmacists pay little attention to it. The study⁶ identified ten barriers that prevent the adoption of cyclical SCM, as well as twelve factors that facilitate the implementation of this method.

The scientists used a methodology based on the technique of fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making , the method of fuzzy full coherence (F-FUCOM)⁶.The F-FUCOM technique is based on the inclusion of fuzzy set theory in the FUCOM technique, uses a smaller number of pairwise comparisons of criteria, which gives more reliable and consistent results compared to previously developed methods of multi-criteria decision making³⁹. The results of F-FUCOM speak about the “lack of financial resources and financing”, “market problems” and “the intensity of coordination and coordination between the delivery system” and major changes⁶. The most stimulating factor was what the authors of the study called "industrial symbiosis", but it is better to call it "trophic chain", in which waste generated in a certain industry can be used as raw materials in other industries. The second most effective factor is the implementation of RL infrastructure. The third factor is the digitalization of the entire drug SC network⁶. We were also interested in a study that was conducted to identify the impact on the sustainability of the pharmaceutical industry of the green SC, which includes such concepts as: eco-design, green distribution, green procurement, ecological production and green reverse logistics^7,40. A feature of this study was the use of self-report questionnaires of top and middle managers of the pharmaceutical industry in Jordan to collect data from a purposive sample (total of 258), as these are the people who formulate enterprise strategies. Questionnaires were created and completed electronically using Google Forms, and AMOS software was used for screening. Based on the result, the researchers advised pharmaceutical companies in Jordan to take environmental initiatives and introduce special laws and regulations in the company, obliging employees to adopt an environmental approach in their work practices⁷. We reviewed more than a dozen studies on green distribution, but the publication on building environmental SCM in pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia was selected and analyzed in more detail⁸. The authors⁸ studied the contribution of Green Manufacturing and Green Distribution to improving the efficiency of Green SCM. Quantitative methods of statistical data processing were used, Path Analysis was used to build dependencies. Based on the results of the study⁸, it was concluded that Green Manufacturing, Green Distribution and management of such a SC using reverse logistics are an important component of the successful development of the industry. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies should always pay attention to the equipment and organization of production, the possibility of RD⁸. It should be noted that this research, in our opinion, is relevant and important for such a production enterprise as JSC "Halychfarm" (Lviv, Ukraine) as part of the pharmaceutical corporation "Arterium", which produces the vast majority of plant-based products using modern, environmentally safe equipment that allows him to create an attractive and modern image of both the company and its products not only in Ukraine, but also in the world. Scientific studies using modeling and creation of multi-level drug disposal schemes using programming are important for practical application^9-12.

The authors of made a brief overview⁹ of the models proposed by various scientists for the implementation of Green SCM in pharmacy in China. Some models involve a centralized approach to waste disposal, for example, there is a model in which optimization of the logistics network for processing expired drugs is carried out with the help of government subsidies. Others envision a decentralized approach. For example, there is a negotiated model of agreeing the collection of expired drugs and unnecessary drugs from customers with the provision of certain bonuses for this activity. The authors⁹of proposed their control model - the model of integrated nonlinear two-level programming (BLP). They investigated the chain in which three actors are involved in the processing of pharmaceutical residues: the manufacturer, the reverse logistics firm and the government. The aim of the research presented⁹ in is to achieve a compromise between economic, environmental and social benefits. This governance model considers a decentralized chain where the manufacturer is the leader, the RL company is the follower, and the government encourages the provision of recyclable pharmaceuticals through subsidies and tax revenues⁹. The pricing, inventory management, advertising and transportation issues involved in supply chain coordination have been considered. NBLP model turned out to be very difficult. The researchers proposed some simplifications and smoothings, applied a lower-level optimization model in the parametric complementarity constraint, and then transformed the original model into a series of standard problems. Ultimately, two separate models BLP were considered, and an applied study was conducted. In any case, the number of recovered drugs depends on the RL of the company, so its capacity is of great importance. The manufacturer, although he pays for the recovery of the drug, receives the largest profit. Redistribution of profits is important for SCM. The necessary condition of management is the qualitative classification of the processing of pharmaceutical preparations. The unit sales price of medicines, advertising costs, RL company capacity, and government tax deductions can all affect profit and the amount of drugs collected for recycling in different ways. The BLP model makes it possible to effectively increase the stability of the pharmaceutical processing system, but does not provide a universal answer to all questions related to RD⁹.

Research¹⁰ identifies several key factors that can be critical and hinder the implementation of RL in waste management processes. If these factors are not taken into account, they can become an obstacle to the implementation of the RL system. The authors highlight several such factors, including governance, collaboration, information technology, infrastructure, finance and economics, as well as used medicine management practices and logistics. The study is based on a survey of 67 specialists in the field of pharmaceutical care. The collected data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. It is important to note that with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare waste management has become extremely relevant. This opens up important opportunities for the development of RL and RD in the field of pharmacy and healthcare waste, as part of the concept of circular economy in pharmaceuticals. The results of the study confirmed the influence of the practices of managing medicines before and after the expiration date on the efficiency of logistics¹⁰. It was established that decision-making by managers regarding the improvement of the process of pharmaceutical service to the population and waste management should be based on normative legislation and information technologies¹⁰. The purpose of the study¹¹ was to study the problems of reverse logistics in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in the city of Tswane (South Africa). The research aimed to find approaches to solving RL problems such as management solutions, technology, waste elimination, transportation and withdrawal of products from the market in this industry. The research was empirical. Data analysis was performed using Stata V13 statistical software. Questionnaires were sent via SurveyMonkey to employees of fifty pharmaceutical companies, answers were received from 127. The findings showed that pharmaceutical manufacturing companies face various challenges such as lack of skills and skills transfer, transportation, in handling RL. The study shows that all pharmaceutical manufacturing companies need to learn more about RL processes to gain a competitive advantage in the industry¹¹. Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products must ensure that the needs of consumers are met and meet their requirements, the goods must move from the supplier to the end consumer, and also be delivered on time and to the right place. However, RL occurs mainly due to unforeseen circumstances, consumers returning drugs due to defects, damage and expiry. Since the return and disposal of drugs can lead to environmental problems, manufacturers must consider environmental regulations when planning RL processes. Maintaining good relationships in the market with other pharmaceutical manufacturing firms and within the firm is essential to the company's success. Transportation, collection, storage, exchange and sorting must be done efficiently as these processes require time and resources. Many manufacturing companies did not expect that the drugs would be returned, since the companies are focused only on sales¹¹. These problems are not limited to Tshwane and may also occur in other cities and countries. Many companies do not want to engage in reverse logistics because of financial losses. When medicines are returned due to defects or damage, the only option is to destroy them. Medicines cannot be simply thrown away and certain environmental regulations and laws must be followed. Continuous improvement of RL processes, procedures and finances should be the goal of all enterprises¹¹. The study¹² of RL practices in Indian pharmaceutical SC suggests that the manufacturer will not be interested in RD without certain incentives. The article deals with the current problem of the modern era of integration and globalization, the authors¹² called it the "antagonistic game". Conditions such as ever-increasing customer expectations, fierce competition, a wide range of products, etc., make it extremely important to gain customer loyalty through an effective reverse logistics process. This problem is especially relevant when it comes to expensive goods that affect health and life, for example, medicines. The study uses appropriate statistical tests to analyze data collected online from 65 senior executives of pharmaceutical companies. The objective is to identify and investigate various RL practices, their drivers and barriers, and their performance indicators in the Indian pharmaceutical sector. The most often indicated practice is redistribution, the driver is customer satisfaction, and the obstacle is less predictability and usefulness for building an image. In addition to the fact that the results complement the scientific literature, they provide assistance to governments, regulatory bodies, as well as pharmaceutical companies in ensuring sustainable development^12,41. The scientific article¹³ is devoted to the development of a model of the SC of pharmaceutical products taking into account time periods. Researchers consider the forward and reverse supply chains, highlight important factors that take place in SC: health care management at the beginning of the direct supply chain, increasing the amount of waste, the need to meet the needs of patients and minimize the costs of solving environmental problems¹³. Seven stages of a closed-loop network with limited capacity were proposed, taking into account time periods, transportation methods and production technologies. It is important to note that initially, inspections were carried out at the distribution center level to prevent drug waste. These excess materials are sent to collection points for efficient disposal. The model proposed in this article determines the number of production centers, distribution centers, collection points for expired medicines, production technology, transportation method, as well as waste disposal methods, which make it possible to timely meet the needs of consumers and minimize costs¹³. We examined RD models that offer optimization methods through the consolidation and vector direction of the efforts of process participants - stakeholders, and also analyzed scientific articles proposing the creation of independent, separate innovative structures (superstructures) that could manage and control the actions of process participants regarding their implementation RD, as well as methods such as the use of integrated information systems, systems of integrated points, and the use of game theory methods when developing a problem^14-18. The study¹⁴ is aimed at evaluating the implementation of innovative programs in the drug SC at the level of pharmacies, which would provide an opportunity to inform about the improvement of service provision. The study used a combined approach to assess the extent to which innovations can be adopted by hospitals and pharmacies to improve the supply process of pharmaceutical products. Unstructured interviews and surveys of 130 people were conducted to identify factors that facilitate or hinder innovation in pharmaceutical SC. An innovative pharmaceutical SC model was created to provide guidance to healthcare organizations on how SC management challenges can be addressed through innovative approaches. Such innovative practices as Lean Thinking, Radio-frequency identification, IT technologies, just-in-time approaches, vendor managed inventory take place in pharmaceutical supply chains. A significant part of the money will be saved by allowing the Kanban system. The results of the study¹⁴ indicate that the implementation of Lean and RL practices, supported by integrated information systems, can help health care institutions improve the quality of pharmaceutical products and the quality of service, provide the opportunity to exchange information, speed up the response to the needs of customers and suppliers, and minimize costs and waste. Research recommendations may have potential implications for supply chain theory and practice, particularly for pharmacies in terms of innovation adoption¹⁴. The article¹⁵ presents the results of the research on end-of-use and end-of-life medicines. The disposal of medical waste is a particular problem for medical and pharmaceutical workers in developing countries, including Brazil. The implementation of the process of reverse logistics for pharmaceuticals in the sphere of public pharmaceutical activities is subject to legal restrictions and inconsistencies. However, RL is a very important process that provides an opportunity to solve resource conservation and environmental problems, especially in countries with limited resources. The purpose¹⁵ of was to study the most important critical factors for the implementation of drug waste management in the pharmaceutical care process. Data were collected by interviewing key individuals directly involved in the distribution of medicines: from providing medicines to patients to managing «end-of-life or post-use» waste. The results showed that despite the fact that RD from patients is legally prohibited, a reverse flow of drugs, which is called a redistribution flow, spontaneously arose. The redistribution stream consists of drugs that can still be used. These medicines are exchanged between 10 pharmacies and more than 140 health centers, where medical professionals provide advice on their correct use.

In the article¹⁶, game models for the study of the reverse drug supply chain are proposed. To encourage more collection of unnecessary drugs, this study proposed a reverse logistics system with an incentive program based on the exchange of points and advertising. The object of the study was a two-level supply chain, which includes a pharmaceutical manufacturer and a retailer. Four games were created for the analysis: a non-cooperative, a retailer, a pharmaceutical manufacturer, and a centralized game. There are three situations in each game: the advertising-efficient region, the exchange-efficient region, and the joint-efficient region. Optimal advertising and point sharing strategies for both participants were determined. In the jointly-efficient and exchange-efficient regions, there is a Nash equilibrium, none of the participants can increase their payoff by changing their strategy unless the other participants change their strategies. In the advertising-effective field, it doesn't matter who leads the game. Collaboration is important in this model and leads to an increase in the amount of drugs collected and a higher profit for the entire supply chain. Finally, this study provides managerial recommendations and some suggestions for further research¹⁶. Measuring SC sustainability is essential to achieving the goals of sustainable development. Research¹⁷aims to develop a new method that evaluates three aspects of sustainability: environmental, social and economic, in forward and reverse SC, from raw material suppliers through manufacturers and logistics (distribution) firms to consumers and back¹⁷. The method for measuring the sustainability of the end-to-end supply chain was developed by the authors¹⁷using a combination of the following techniques: content analysis, expert assessment of property, Shannon entropy as a measure of information uncertainty, as well as the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). A sensitivity analysis of this method was tested using data from six stability reports published by major pharmaceutical companies¹⁷. The results show that the developed method can be used by managers to benchmark SC and evaluate the effectiveness of adopted sustainable SC initiatives. Scientists and practitioners can use the proposed approach to measure the sustainability of their own supply chain, increase its transparency, and identify potential environmental and social problems in their supply chains, which will contribute to more informed decision-making regarding the implementation of sustainable development practices in the management of SC involving various organizations¹⁷. The scientific publication¹⁸ highlights the results of the study of the financial self-sufficiency of the reverse SC of herbal medicines, and formulates an economically efficient and customer-oriented model of SC with a closed cycle, which involves the reuse of herbal medicines in the reverse SC and their processing into second-generation biofuel¹⁸. The proposed model simultaneously considers the return of goods in the SC by biofuel production and soil restoration, thereby solving environmental problems and ensuring the long-term sustainability of pharmaceutical production. The authors¹⁸ of suggested using a "semi-autonomous multi-objective optimization algorithm based on the modified minmax method." In addition to determining the more desirable optimal values of this model using the proposed algorithm, this study determines the optimal solution of this model under conditions of ambiguity. The sensitivity analysis of the ten key parameters of the proposed model together with five graphical examples shows the need for the use of improved equipment in both pharmaceutical and processing enterprises. This study urges manufacturers to systematically upgrade equipment in the factory. For legislators, this study calls for increasing the obligations of pharmaceutical companies to ensure the stable availability of herbal medicines¹⁸. The results of the study of the dual-purpose network of the closed cycle of supply chain of herbal medicines are given in the article¹⁹. The direct SC starts from the stage of growing herbs and the production of herbal medicines and ends with the distribution of these medicines. The reverse SC includes the step of using substrates, unused medicinal plant materials and expired herbal medicines to produce biofuels and soil for growing plants. Article¹⁹ also considers the provision of subsidies by governments to all participants in the cycle. It is concluded that a reduction in subsidies to biofuel producers, a slight increase in subsidies to drug producers, as well as multilateral modernization of all links of the SC, except for the landfill of waste drugs, increase the profitability of the proposed network. The problems of reverse logistics in health care institutions (hospitals, clinics) were considered in subsequent publications^20,21,42. A research paper²⁰ examines the practice of RL in hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Republic of Brazil) with the aim of finding out exactly which methods of return are used in these institutions. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used in the paper to identify best practices based on interviews with those responsible for the disposal of medicines in hospitals. The study found that the main difficulties in implementing RL practices in hospitals are the lack of a standard for the disposal of drugs, in particular because some drugs are under the control of nurses or in satellite pharmacies²⁰. Regarding RL practices for drugs, they were found to differ between expired drugs and drugs that are about to expire. Internal practice is used in all hospitals, while external practice has a less positive outcome and is sometimes ignored by providers. Separately, it is worth noting that information exchange about drugs is used in all hospitals, but each pharmacist does it in his own way. The AHP method also allows pharmacists to compare RL practices that are not used in their hospitals and determine which of these practices could be better used in their organizations²⁰. The article²¹ begins with a bibliographic study of the relationship between information systems and the logistical traceability of pharmaceutical products in public hospitals in Morocco. The author²¹ carried out a diagnosis of the general situation of the management of medicines SC in hospitals to present a map of the supply chain and distribution of medicines in Morocco, in order to understand the different flows and main actors involved in the tracking of medicines in three categories of failures, namely: organizational, personnel and technical. Drug supply management is a process that is at the center of optimization issues in the hospital, as it is important to the act of providing medical care. Additionally, a logistics chain that connects different participants through links creates an integrated information system that connects different partners in this chain. The author is based on the analysis and processing of the results of a questionnaire on the reverse logistics of the traceability of pharmaceutical products in Morocco²¹. Since the pharmaceutical supply chain in Morocco suffers from a number of problems in the distribution between warehouses and medical facilities, especially the lack of information systems to manage internal procurement processes and the complete absence of reverse logistics at the drug level, the author establishes a simulation of information systems between medical facilities in the Casablanca region²¹. Implementation of RL practices in pharmacies and related problems are studied in a number of scientific publications^22,23. The study includes two main approaches: a systematic review of the literature and a proposal to improve the system of RL of medicines in Brazil from the point of view of information management²². First, a literature review was conducted to identify global best practices for pharmaceutical waste management. The authors²² note the concentration of publications on this topic in the United States. The focus was also on research carried out in Brazil, which related to environmental aspects. The need to improve methods of collecting unused drugs from consumers and returning to the RL system are urgent tasks in both the United States and Brazil. The study²² also indicated that there was some resistance in pharmacies due to the costs that must be shared with other stakeholders in the pharmaceutical sector to successfully implement RL practices²². The study²³ is aimed at evaluating the program of RL using environmental management system methods of medicines of the Regional Pharmaceutical Council of Minas Gerais (Brazil). The main initiatives in the RL of medicines concern two methods of waste management: incineration and recycling. The study found that most developed countries prefer incineration, while there is no extensive scientific information on the topic in developing economies. The authors²³ show how a city without a system of reverse logistics of medicines manages its pharmaceutical waste. The drug consumption of the population of Bambui, located in Minas Gerais, the methods of disposal of pharmaceutical waste and the characteristics of such waste found in collection points are studied. The study showed that most consumers leave them at home or throw them in the regular trash. It was also found that the tools for the reverse logistics of medicines, which are provided at the collection points, are not used effectively and contain non-pharmaceutical waste. The Regional Pharmaceutical Council of Minas Gerais has implemented the "Traga de Volta" - Collection Program for expired or unusable medicines. Interviewed experts consider this program to be promising, but indicate that the correct regulatory framework and management decisions are necessary for its further development²³. It should be noted that the national policy of a number of countries regarding the disposal of solid waste does not have a legally regulated regulatory framework for RD of medicines^24-27. The study²⁴ aimed to analyze the process of reverse logistics of medicines in Brazil in the context of the National Solid Waste Disposal Policy, which proposes joint responsibility actions for all levels of the SC²³. As part of the research, interviews were conducted with managers of pharmaceutical companies and representatives of production, pharmacy chains, and industry management bodies. Factors influencing RL in the pharmaceutical industry have been identified: market, operational, legal and cost aspects. It has been established that the SC is not ready to meet the requirements of the proposed National Policy, although the prerequisites for this have been created²⁴. The article²⁵ investigated the impact of environmental supply chain management practices on the organizational effectiveness of pharmaceutical manufacturers in Jordan. A questionnaire was developed and distributed randomly among 100 employees of pharmaceutical manufacturers in Jordan. A total of 88 responses were received, of which 79 were used. The study proposes a theoretical model that explains the impact of reverse logistics, green public procurement, production and distribution practices on the organizational productivity of pharmaceutical manufacturers²⁵. Recycling of pharmaceutical waste contributes to reducing the wastage of social resources and environmental pollution, as well as contributes to the sustainable development of society. However, as the study²⁶ shows, due to the lack of legitimacy of the reverse logistics of drug waste in China, pharmaceutical enterprises face numerous obstacles in the implementation of this type of business. The study²⁶ is based on the theory of legitimacy and uses discussions to determine three types of legitimacy: cognitive, pragmatic and moral, and their importance in the implementation of RL. The authors²⁶ also analyzed how pharmaceutical companies acquire this legitimacy. It should be noted that Ukraine has developed new legislation on waste management, including medical and pharmaceutical waste²⁷, according to which the state and the legislator shift more responsibility to the waste producer and local (regional) self-government bodies, while retaining the function of supervision and control. The law regulates relations related to the prevention and management of waste generated on the territory of the state, as well as the management of waste transported through the territory of Ukraine, exported abroad and imported into Ukraine for the purpose of recovery, including recycling. The article²⁸ reviewed publications that investigated the environmental impact of a number of selected medicinal products and measures to ensure environmental sustainability. A systematic review was performed using the Campbell Collaboration methodology. As a result, 351 studies were identified, and 15 papers from 10 countries, conducted from 2003 to 2020, were selected. The results show that the drugs most studied are antibiotics (87% of papers), analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (53%) and hormones (33%). However, little is known about the effects of drugs on the environment, human health, and ecosystems, so more research is needed to develop more effective measures to reduce this negative impact²⁸. The collection and disposal of unused medicines in households is becoming an increasingly important topic of research^{29- 32}. The disposal of unused medicines largely depends on the public's awareness of the negative impact of this waste on the environment and the health of citizens. The authors²⁹ studied the behavioral intention to dispose of unused medication using a comprehensive model including the Theory of Planned Behavior. The model was tested with data collected from 204 respondents using the partial least squares method. According to the results of this study, the intention to dispose of unused medication depends on the person's attitude, personal norms, perceived busyness and perceived behavioral control, as well as the convenience of this procedure. Knowledge of the proper disposal of unused medicines was found to be a strong determinant of attitudes towards disposal of this waste²⁹. The role of the consumer and the price offered by him as an incentive to cooperate in the collection of returned pharmaceuticals and ultimately contribute to the stability of the reverse SC is discussed in³⁰. The solution of the optimization model taking into account the uncertainties (abandoned goods, the form of the agreement between the participants and the third party responsible for the collection of the abandoned drugs from consumers, etc.) was found using the Robust Optimization method³⁰. The results of the study demonstrate that proper coordination through the supply chain can ensure full drug returns, and consumers can be interested in price offers for returned drugs. In addition, the convenience of the return procedure is important. Article³¹ by Chinese scientists is devoted to the design of RL. About 1,500 tons of medicines expire in China every year. According to the survey, more than 90% of respondents had the experience of throwing out expired medicines together with household waste. According to the authors of the publication, for complex situations in real RL, especially with a large distribution network, it is necessary to consider general optimization, which requires innovation. The authors³¹ propose to solve this RL problem using the traveling salesman problem model and the mileage saving model³¹. The main idea of the method is that the logistics of the route during drug recovery is optimized by developing a genetic algorithm. Such a model considers the route of a car that travels from one customer to another, picking up expired drugs time after time. The mileage saving model makes it possible to save transportation costs³¹. The results of testing the effectiveness of a simple educational intervention aimed at supporting households in returning expired medications through a municipal drug collection program, as well as investigating the most common sources and types of such unnecessary medications at home, are presented in the article³². Two "field" studies were conducted. For the first study, 200 households in Kuwait were randomly selected. As a result of the study, it was found that no medicines were collected from 200 households. Most of the medicines returned in the second study were for the treatment of acute diseases, about half of them were expired. Thus, simply collecting expired medications by the municipality has proven ineffective in Kuwait. Using local pharmacies as collection points in RL may be more cost-effective³². We also reviewed articles related to such phenomena as humanitarian logistics and RD, which are especially important for Ukraine, which is at war and receives medicines as humanitarian aid. The new mathematical model for the humanitarian pharmaceutical SC is presented in the publication³³. The goals of this approach were to form a team, collect a significant stockpile of drugs that are not used in this country before their expiration date and redistribute them in another country. As a result, a joint approach to decision-making was developed for the implementation of the RL process in humanitarian pharmaceutical supply chains. Mathematical models for "non-cooperative" and "cooperative" decision makers have been investigated³³. In order to achieve the expected level of interaction, new compositions of "distribution of incentives/bonuses" and "agreements on the distribution of taxes/fines" have been introduced. Research findings suggest that using a “cooperative” model can increase revenues, maintain sustainability commitments, and better serve vulnerable patients³³. In our opinion, the drug import substitution program in Ukraine can reduce the need to import drugs from abroad. Problems related to the excess of pharmaceuticals, which are provided as humanitarian aid, and the need to return them are considered in the publication³⁴. Pharmaceutical donations are useful during disasters, particularly disease outbreaks, but are often inappropriate. Convergence of pharmaceuticals is a serious problem. The aim of the authors³⁴ was to study the SC of pharmaceutical products during a disease outbreak and the possibility of solving the problem of stockpiling of materials. The work used the methodology of situation, actor, process and learning-action-result (SAP-LAP) analysis to understand the dynamics of SC. Based on the results of the research, proposals and strategies for implementing circular economy (CE) principles in drug supply chains were created and evaluated. Two strategies have been proposed: one is to sort and supply, and the other is to sort, supply and resell. As the results of simulation studies show, the practice of reuse improves the financial situation of humanitarian organizations. The study³⁴ confirmed the improvement of the pharmaceutical SC by reducing the transport and storage burden associated with the accumulation of materials. It should be noted that a competent drug import substitution program may provide for a certain list of vaccines for immunization of the population, which can significantly reduce the need to import drugs into Ukraine. The article³⁵ discusses the management of the SC of pharmaceutical products taking into account the return flows of end-of-use and end-of-life medicines. The authors of the study³⁵ distinguish three categories of return flows: donations, reverse logistics and CE. Donations are noted as charitable acts related to improving corporate reputation or humanitarian measures in emergency situations. RL is regulated by legislation and limited by the business imperatives of SC pharmaceuticals. CE is characterized by informal flows of unused medicines, mainly at the initiative of medical professionals. This classification was developed based on the analysis of databases of scientific publications. The study found that an overabundance and inappropriate types of medications make donation difficult. Problems in RL are inventory planning and drug quality control. The main uncertainties arise from frequent changes in the health status of patients and treatment regimens, as well as from deficiencies in monitoring prescriptions. Excessive amounts and inappropriate types of medication have been shown to be barriers to donation. The study also indicates that pharmaceutical CE is still understudied in logistics, supply chain, and procurement³⁵. Our search and review of publications made it possible to establish that the concept of RD can have completely different unexpected perspectives. The experience of the Ascend West and Central Africa Program in creating a pharmaceutical SC for neglected tropical diseases is given in the article³⁶. Funded by the UK's Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, the program operates in 13 countries and supports preventive pharmacotherapy for tropical diseases such as: lymphatic filariasis, intestinal worms, river blindness, schistosomiasis and trachoma. The program is implemented through the cooperation of international organizations working to end these diseases. Field visits were conducted by the researchers, where interviews were conducted with authorized persons and medical personnel, and an online review of the literature related to these diseases was conducted. The assessment was conducted both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic³⁶. Stakeholder coordination took place with global partners and with implementing partners in each country during the earliest stages of the pandemic. This has helped to manage the delay in mass drug administration, including the impact of delays on the delivery of donor drugs and the distribution of stocks held in the country³⁵. Therefore, regardless of sources of supply and methods of distribution, it is necessary to apply good supply chain management practices³⁶. The scientific publication³⁷ was selected for study among a number of articles devoted to pharmaceutical contamination. In the context of the current global pandemic of COVID-19, a new instrumental field of public health has emerged - wastewater analysis-based epidemiology (WBE). The article³⁷ describes the basic principles and methods of WBE, methods for scaling up and developing monitoring and early warning systems for the measurement of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals. Suggested directions for toxicological research using wastewater monitoring, including evaluation of opioid addiction treatment programs (e.g., buprenorphine and methadone) in the context of other social issues such as the COVID-19 disease. This method can inform about environmental and toxicological pollution, as well as about the dynamics of drug consumption trends. WBE can be used to monitor pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, including antidepressants and antipsychotics, as well as to track new illicit drugs and develop early warning systems for potent fentanyl analogs, along with a renewed wave of stimulants (eg, methamphetamine, cocaine)³⁷. Article³⁸ reveals a problem that affects the Polish pharmaceutical market - the illegal export of drugs. The article deals with the issues of trade and distribution of medicines in the history of European pharmacy. The authors performed an analysis of the reverse distribution of drugs using the dogmatic legal method. It should be noted that as a concept of reverse distribution, the authors had in mind the export of drugs from the Republic of Poland to other EU countries and the world by intermediary firms, since the price of drugs in this country is much lower. The distribution of medicines is a strictly regulated sphere of economic activity in Poland. Entities involved in the drug trade are licensed, and the products allowed for sale are clearly defined by law. Legislative control in this regard is carried out by the bodies of the Main Pharmaceutical Inspection. The article reveals the serious risks associated with the RD of medicines, the recommendations of the Prosecutor General regarding the implementation of preparatory procedures for violations related to the RD mechanism are given. The illegal practices described above are carried out by numerous business entities across the EU, and as a result, some EU citizens face shortages of essential medicines. The authors suggested developing internal procedures for checking the status of buyers and the quantity of purchased medicines and training pharmacy workers and wholesalers in the practical application of such procedures, as well as creating separate pharmaceutical police that could control the sale of medicines over the Internet. The authors also noted the need to increase the number of pharmaceutical inspectors and implement a system for monitoring trade in scarce drugs, as well as to better coordinate the actions of competent authorities³⁸.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The study was based on the data from the State Register of Medicines of Ukraine³⁹, catalogs of unified standard equipment for pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises. The following methods were used in the study: systematic approach, observation, synthesis, abstraction, analysis and generalization⁷. One of the most common methods of empirical research is observation - a purposeful passive study of objects, based mainly on data obtained from the senses (sensations, perception, representation), which we used to study the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine and obtain data on domestic pharmaceutical manufacturers. Synthesis is the combination of previously separated parts of an object into a single whole. The result of synthesis is a completely new entity, the properties of which are not only an external combination of the properties of the components, but also the result of their internal interconnection and interdependence. Abstraction is the mental separation of an object from its relations with others. Abstraction separates the essential from the incidental, rejecting unimportant features that complicate the research. Analysis is the dismemberment of an object into its components for the purpose of their independent study. Analysis is used in both practical and mental activities⁷. Synthesis, analysis and abstraction were used by us when studying the possibility of using unified experimental production lines both for teaching higher education students in medical (pharmaceutical) higher education institutions and for the manufacture of medicines during the war by qualified teachers and senior students. The generalization or extension of the common features of a group of objects to all objects of this set is used to generalize and substantiate the idea of using unified medium and small production lines for the manufacture of medicines by forms of release of medicines with different active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

The purpose of the study is to investigate the possibility of creating mobile, unified pharmaceutical production lines of medium (small) capacity with combinatorial equipment that ensures uninterrupted production of domestic medicines in the realities of war.

The methodological technique of our research was a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications, which are available through free search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and through electronic databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, as well as published on the platforms of Elsevier, Emerald Insight publishing houses, Springer and others. The objects of the study were publications grouped by the presence of keywords: reverse logistics, reverse distribution, and related terms such as: supply chain, supply chain management, circular economy, expired drugs. Mandatory keywords were: pharmacy, pharmaceutical products, drugs and medical devices. This article contains an overview of scientific publications on reverse distribution and reverse logistics of drugs and medical devices over the past five years.

RESULT:

As a result of the above review of publications, it was established that they can be conditionally divided by topic into two groups: scientific articles that consider cyclical management of supply chains, green supply chains, modeling schemes and recycling centers, creation of innovative management structures and research-applied articles related to studies of the National policy of solid waste disposal, reverse logistics and distribution of manufacturing pharmaceutical enterprises, problems of reverse distribution in hospitals, pharmacies and households. Separately, we highlighted articles devoted to the current topic - humanitarian logistics and, accordingly, the possibility of creating conditions for the reverse distribution of medicines to manufacturers from countries that provided humanitarian aid^33-35. These problems are particularly relevant for Ukraine, since after the end of the Covid-19 pandemic, there remains a large number of unused medicinal products (including vaccines) that are nearing the end of their shelf life, as well as an extremely large number of medicinal products are provided to Ukraine and arrive in various ways now, for example, humanitarian aid. It should be noted that the implementation of the Import Substitution Program for basic, vital medicines in Ukraine, carried out even before the war, could radically reduce the volume of humanitarian aid or structure it by groups of drugs today. However, often the medicines provided as humanitarian aid have a short shelf life, or the medicines arrive unsorted, and it takes a lot of effort and time to identify and sort them. It is clear that as a result of the distribution of such humanitarian aid, the loss of medicines will be significant. It is important for the leadership of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical industry to understand all the consequences of this situation and develop regulations that will protect pharmacists from possible legal charges of improper use (untimely dispensing) of medicines, which led to their expiration. A number of scientific articles that we reviewed were related to the RD of drugs, but the subjects of these studies were specific original topics^{17,34,35,43-47}. For example, one of the publications concerned the RD of drugs for five orphan diseases³⁶, and the other was devoted to the analysis of wastewater for quality control based on the content of narcotic substances³⁷. A scientific article on the distribution of drugs in the Republic of Poland³⁸, which describes the process of wholesale purchase of drugs by intermediary pharmaceutical companies in this country with their further export to other EU countries and the world, has attracted considerable interest. The problems that arise in reverse distribution are due to the fact that drugs and medical products are much cheaper than in other countries due to the effect of legislative norms on the functioning of the pharmaceutical industry and drug pricing in this country. In fact, the very concept of "reverse distribution of drugs" received a different sound in the article³⁸ and expanded the conceptual apparatus regarding this familiar phrase. The results of the bibliometric research showed that the authors of the articles use the two terms "reverse logistics" and "reverse distribution" interchangeably. We analyzed these two terms. One of the most frequently used classical definitions of RL is given in³⁸. According to³⁷, reverse logistics is the «process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods, and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal». According to the definition given in⁵⁰: reverse logistics is the process of planning, implementation and control of logistics flows of goods returned from the sphere of circulation and consumption as a result of the reverse distribution of finished products, dangerous, damaged, expired and used goods and packaging and related information in order to restore their value. So, the reverse logistics of drugs is a process that involves initial and final stages, as well as certain resources are involved in implementing this process in practice. The definition of reverse distribution of drugs rather refers to the conceptual apparatus of the very phenomenon of reverse movement of goods. According to the Law of Ukraine "On Medicinal Products", the distribution of medicinal products is any activity related to the receipt, storage, supply, transportation and import/export of medicinal products, with the exception of their sale directly to citizens for personal consumption⁴⁸. This activity is carried out in cooperation with manufacturers or their representatives, importers, other enterprises in the wholesale and/or retail trade of medicinal products, medical and preventive institutions. Accordingly, reverse distribution is the reverse movement of drugs and medical products from the retail level through the distributor back to the supplier or manufacturer. In our opinion, reverse distribution should have such a link as the final consumer - a patient of a medical and preventive institution, the institution itself or a separate household. Our analysis of the materials presented in scientific articles allows us to assert the need for the legislators of an individual country to create management structures, centers, and supervisory organizations in already functioning institutions, on which the legislator will place the obligation (instruct on behalf of the state) to manage reverse distribution or reverse logistics and disposal of medicines and MD. It is clear that the State should first of all have a vision of a coherent National policy of disposal and reverse distribution, and accordingly, legal norms regarding RD at pharmaceutical enterprises, wholesale pharmaceutical firms, and pharmacies should be approved by law, and the rules of the RD should be developed and implemented broad promotion for households.

CONCLUSION:

Reverse distribution as a part of the economic and environmental components of sustainable development, the need for legislative and regulatory regulation of RD at the state level in different countries, as well as the functioning of possible organizational and management models are quite widely researched and presented in scientific publications. However, scientific research is mostly exploratory in nature, based on the creation of possible RD models. RD of medicines and medical devices requires regulatory and legal regulation at all levels: households, pharmacies, health care facilities (hospitals, hospitals, specialized departments with inpatient facilities), pharmaceutical intermediary wholesale firms, manufacturing enterprises of the pharmaceutical industry, as well as in the field import-export operations and humanitarian aid. RD of drugs should become a separate component of the regulatory legal acts that regulate the disposal and destruction of solid waste. The understanding that the RD of drugs is both economically unprofitable, but environmentally beneficial and a necessary component of the modern pharmaceutical SC should be clearly rooted in the minds of all involved subjects: government officials - legislators; heads of management and organizational structures of the pharmaceutical industry; directors and specialists of production enterprises; specialists of intermediary firms; pharmacists of pharmacy enterprises and all ordinary citizens who must be responsible for the need for systematic supervision of medicines in their own household. The establishment of clear norms and rules for drug registration at the legislative level of individual states will help avoid overproduction and increase in unjustified volumes of medicines, protect the global ecosystem from pharmaceutical pollution and stop the transfer (as humanitarian aid) of excess quantities of medicines that are planned to be disposed of on the territory of the recipient country. All over the world, scientists, national governments, pharmaceutical industry specialists and ordinary citizens are concerned about the phenomenon of pharmaceutical pollution, overproduction of drugs and medical devices, problems of reverse distribution, National policy on solid waste disposal, humanitarian logistics of drugs.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

Within the framework of the international educational project Erasmus+ Jean Monnet 101085257 - GoodPharma - ERASMUS-JMO-2022-HEI-TCH-RSCH "Good solutions for gaps in Pharmacy: in line with European priorities".

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Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2024; 17(7):3284-3296.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00514