Morphological and Anatomical Study of Raw Materials of Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult., Growing in the Territory of Central Kazakhstan
Itzhanova Kh.I.1, Boranbay A.M.1, Ishmuratova M.Yu.2, Akhmetova S.B.1,
Abdrakhmanova G.M.1
1NJSC “Karaganda Medical University”, 100000, Republic of Kazakhstan, Karaganda, Gogol street, 40
2NJSC “E.A. Buketov Karaganda University”, 100028, Republic of Kazakhstan, Karaganda,
Universitetskaya street, 28, Building No.3.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: boranbaya2001@mail.ru
ABSTRACT:
Morphological and anatomical study of medicinal plant raw materials plays an important role in the development of new drugs based on local natural raw materials. This work presents the results of macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the aerial and underground organs of the plant Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult. from the Valerianaceae family, growing in Central Kazakhstan. The plant was collected during the mass flowering period in August 2024 in the Karaganda region, in the vicinity of the village of Karkaralinsk. Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult. is characterized by a rich chemical composition, including essential oils, triterpene saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, vitamins, polysaccharides, which determines its pronounced pharmacological effect. During the study, the following macroscopic features were studied: leaf shape, structure and color of stems, structure and appearance of flowers and roots. Microscopic examination allowed to describe in detail the anatomical features of plant tissues, to identify features inherent to the leaf, stem and root. The obtained results can be used for identification and standardization of plant raw materials of Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult. in pharmaceutical practice. The results can also serve as a basis for the development of regulatory documents and quality standards in the production of drugs, which significantly expands the possibilities of using this plant in medical practice.
KEYWORDS: Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult., Diagnostic features of raw materials, Microscopic analysis, Macroscopic analysis, Plant raw materials.
INTRODUCTION:
Botanical studies of medicinal plants occupy an important place in modern science, as they allow to expand the arsenal of drugs due to natural raw materials. Of particular importance in this area are plants with a pronounced sedative effect, such as Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult., belonging to the Valerianaceae family1,2. Distribution covers the foothills of the Tien Shan, Tarbagatai and Altai. Patrinia species grow on rocky floodplains of mountain rivers, on slopes and hills, mainly in the steppe and forest-meadow belts, at an altitude of 400 to 1700 m above sea level3-9.
The pharmacological value of Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult. is due to its unique chemical composition. The underground organs of the plant contain triterpene saponins (up to 35%), essential oils, alkaloids, tannins, vitamins and flavonoids. An individual component, patrinoside D, was isolated from the saponins, making up about 50% of the total mass of saponins10-16. Flavonoids (isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol and their glycosides), vitamin C and carotene were found in the flowers and leaves. It is due to the rich chemical composition that preparations based on Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult. exhibit a strong sedative effect, surpassing the effectiveness of Valeriana officinalis17-26.
The plant has long been used in folk and Tibetan medicine to treat jaundice, scrofula, tuberculosis, malaria, liver diseases and gastrointestinal tract. Patrinia species are also used to heal wounds, regulate cardiac activity and eliminate neuroses27-36.
The main goal of the work was to identify diagnostic features of plant raw materials at the macro- and microscopic levels of underground and aerial organs of Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult.
The study used both underground and aerial parts of the plant Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult. The plant was collected in the Karkaraly Mountains, on the slopes of rocky hills in the vicinity of Lake Bolshoe (Karkaraly district, Karaganda region, coordinates: N49.39147, E75.50684, altitude 615 m above sea level). The raw materials were harvested in the flowering phase in August 2024. The plant was identified and stored in the herbarium fund at the Department of Botany of E.A. Buketov Karaganda University.
Macroscopic study of raw materials. During the macroscopic analysis, the morphological features of the plant were studied, such as the shape, surface structure, color and appearance of shoots, leaves, inflorescences, flowers and roots. Photos of the raw material samples were taken using a Levenhuk DTX 30 digital microscope and an NSZ 608 T scanning macroscope with a Sony Exmor CMOS camera. The resulting images were processed using Paint 10.1. To describe the morphological features, the methods described in the works of V.N. Vekhova, L.I. Lotova were used, as well as compliance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan37.
Microscopic study of raw materials. The raw material was pre-softened in a solution consisting of distilled water, glycerin and 96% alcohol (in a ratio of 1:1:1), after which it was boiled in a 5% sodium hydroxide solution. We prepared surface preparations and sections for observation. The work was carried out using a BIOLAM microscope with a magnification of 16x10 and 16x4. Microphotographs were made using the Altamy Studio program, and image processing was carried out in Paint 10.1. For analysis, we used the methods presented in the works of A. Aneli (1975), L.I. Lotova (2007) and P.J. Rudalla (2007)38-40.
Patrinia intermedia (Hornem. Roem. et Schult., Valerianaceae family is a perennial herbaceous plant, 25-35 cm high, with a taproot with many heads, the bark color - dark brown. The stems are straight, covered with sparse hairs, less often bare. The leaves on the stem are sessile, at the rosette - petiolate; all leaves are opposite, smooth, deeply pinnately dissected, with narrow serrated edges. Flowers are in a corymbose-paniculate inflorescence, the corolla is yellow (Fig. 1). The fruit is oblong; the bract at the fruit is ovoid or almost round.
Figure 1. Appearance of Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult. in the flowering stage
The main morphological features of Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult. are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Morphological features of underground and aerial organs of Patrinia intermedia
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Indicators |
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Description |
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Stems |
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The stem is erect, rounded in cross-section with small ribs, leaf arrangement is opposite, color is yellow or yellow-brown. Remnants of stipules are observed in the nodes. |
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Leaves |
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Leaves are opposite, twice pinnately dissected, 4-15 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, on long petioles. Venation is pinnate. |
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Upper side of leaves |
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The upper side of the leaf is dark green, rough with deep veins.
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Underside of leaves |
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The underside of the leaf is green, rough, with veins protruding above the surface.
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Inflorescences |
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Inflorescence is corymbose. Flower is telianthus, with yellow corolla, 4-5 mm long and up to 2 mm wide (in the upper part). Calyx is five-partite, its leaflets are ovoid-triangular with serrated edge. Corolla is bell-shaped, petals are 5 in number, fused, with bent edge.
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Fruit |
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The fruit is an achene, oblong-ovoid in shape with wing-shaped leathery bracts that remain attached to the fruit when ripe. The surface of the achene is coarsely furrowed, the color is gray-yellow, the bracts are colorless with large yellow-colored veins.
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Root |
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The roots are straight or curved, up to 15 cm long, up to 7 cm thick, with a loose core, often hollow, with transverse partitions. The surface of the unpeeled roots is slightly longitudinally wrinkled; the color of the roots on the outside is light brown, light yellow at the break. The smell is strong, aromatic. The taste is slightly bitter.
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The stem of Patrinia intermedia in cross section is rounded-lobed, with pronounced core parenchyma (Fig. 2, 3).
Figure 2. Cross-section of Patrinia intermedia stem. General view. Magnification 4×20
Figure 3. Cross-section of Patrinia intermedia stem. Fragment: 1 - epidermis, 2 - cortex parenchyma, 3 - endoderm, 4 - sclerenchyma, 5 - xylem, 6 - core parenchyma
The stem is surrounded by a single-layered epidermis consisting of rounded cells with thickened walls and a cuticle layer on the outer surface. The cortical parenchyma is made up of rounded, colorless cells and is separated from the conductive zone by a layer of endodermis. The cells of the endodermis are oval with large lumens. The conductive system is non-fascicular, consisting of a thin layer of phloem and even rows of xylem. Above the conductive elements, at the boundary with the endodermis, are significant areas of mechanical tissue (sclerenchyma). The sclerenchyma cells are also arranged in rows, have thickened walls, and are light yellow in color. The pith is filled with loose cells of pith parenchyma.
The leaf, in surface preparation (Fig. 4), consists of an epidermis. The epidermal cells on both the upper and lower sides are of two types: polygonal isodiametric cells with slightly sinuous walls and nearly rectangular elongated cells. Stomata are few in number, of the anomocytic type, and are evenly distributed on both sides of the leaf (amphistomatic type). The stomata are oval in shape and lie flush with the epidermis. Along the leaf margin, sparse simple hairs are visible, positioned obliquely relative to the epidermis.
А
1 – stomata, 2 – main cells of the epidermis
C
Figure 4. Upper (A), lower (B) epidermis and edge (C) of a leaf of Patrinia intermedia. Surface preparations
In cross section, the leaf is flat, isolateral type, with undifferentiated mesophyll (Fig. 5), the veins of the leaf protrude slightly on the underside.
Figure 5. Cross-section of a leaf of Patrinia intermedia. Fragment: 1 – upper epidermis, 2 – lower epidermis, 3 – trichomes, 4 – mesophyll, 5 – vascular bundle, 6 – schizegenous receptacles
The leaf is bordered on both sides by an epidermis with bead-like cells, with a well-defined surface layer of cuticle. Simple, solitary trichomes are visible on the epidermis. The mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy tissues. In the regions of the central and lateral veins, small vascular bundles are located; the xylem is oriented toward the lower side and the phloem toward the upper side. These bundles are usually round or oval in shape and surrounded by sclerenchymal sheaths. Round or elongated storage structures are visible in the mesophyll.
The corolla of the flower (Fig. 6) consists of epidermal cells with a polygonal shape and finely sinuous walls. The veins are clearly visible. Trichomes are absent. The color is bright yellow.
Figure 6. Surface preparation of the corolla of a flower of Patrinia intermedia
The bracteoles of the fruit (Fig. 7) consist of rounded cells with sinuous walls, and above the veins – elongated cells with straight walls.
Figure 7. Surface preparation of Patrinia intermedia fruit
On a cross-section of the root, a multi-layered dark brown cork (periderm), cortex, and wood are visible. The periderm cells are slightly elongated in the tangential direction. The cambium is well-defined, with a smooth line. The cortical parenchyma cells are enclosed by a ring of endodermis (Fig. 8). The elements of the secondary xylem are arranged in radial strands (polyarch), with large vessels, especially near the cambium, grouped together. These are separated by multi-layered medullary rays. The parenchyma cells are isodiametric and fit closely together. The phloem elements are weakly expressed. Essential oils, in the form of small droplets, are found in the cortical parenchyma and all living parenchyma cells. Fairly large druses of calcium oxalate are present in the parenchyma cells and medullary rays. The central part of the root is occupied by the vessels of the primary xylem and the cells of the mechanical tissue (sclerenchyma).
Figure 8. Anatomical structure of the rhizome of Patrinia intermedia. Cross-section. Fragment: 1 - periderm, 2 - cortical parenchyma, 3 - endoderm, 4 - xylem, 5 - phloem, 6 - parenchyma rays, 7 - core parenchyma, 8 - druse
The carried out macro- and microscopic analysis of Patrinia intermedia (Hornem.) Roem. et Schult. allowed to identify key morphological and anatomical characteristics that can be used to identify the plant. At the macroscopic level, the following diagnostic features were determined: the shape and size of shoots, leaves, inflorescences, the shape of the rhizome on the cross-section, the color of the bark and the inner part on the fracture, as well as the color and texture of the surface of various parts of the plant.
Microscopic analysis allowed to study the structure of tissues in more detail, revealing the shape of the epidermal cells of the leaf, as well as the distribution of trichomes and essential-sebaceous glands in the stem, leaves and flowers.
It was established that the following diagnostic features are defined at the microscopic level: for the leaf - the shape of the epidermal cells, the location of the stomata, the presence of simple trichomes along the edge of the leaf blade; for the shoot - the shape on the cross section, the localization of the main tissues and the shape of the xylem and sclerenchyma cells; for the rhizome - the shape of the parenchymatous rays and the presence of calcium oxalate druses; for the corolla of the flower - the shape and color of the epidermal cells of the main part and above the veins; for the fruit - the shape of the bract epidermal cells.
The established features make it possible to determine the quality of raw materials, and also provide an opportunity to develop technical documentation and standardize plant material. These data can form the basis for further research and the development of regulatory documents on the quality of raw materials for wide application in the pharmaceutical industry.
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
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Received on 20.01.2025 Revised on 17.05.2025 Accepted on 28.07.2025 Published on 01.12.2025 Available online from December 06, 2025 Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(12):5917-5922. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00855 © RJPT All right reserved
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