INTRODUCTION:

Schima wallichii, also referred to as needlewood or Wallich's schima, is a beautiful evergreen tree that grows all over Asia's Sikkim Himalaya region. Its greyish-brown bark, cream-coloured blooms, elliptical leaves and many more things all contribute to its eye-catching pictorial appeal¹.

Schima wallichii, a part of the Theaceae family, enhances the nature’s beauty of mountainous and hilly terrain by thriving in mixed and broad-leaved forest areas. However, the importance of this species goes beyond its visual appeal, as it also contributes to the natural ecosystem by supporting various wildlife and promoting biodiversity². For generations, the bark of this tree has been used by locals for antiseptic, antipyretic, anthelmintic, and wound-healing purposes³.

Family: Theaceae/Ternstroemiaceae

Scientific Name: Schima wallichii

Synonyms:Gordonia chilaunia, Gordonia wallichii, Schima brevipes.

Classification:

Kingdom	Family	Genus	Species
Plantae	Theaceae	Schima	S.wallichi

Different local names of Schima wallichii:

English: Schima, Needlewood.

Bengali: Makrisal, Cheloni.

Chinese: Chinese Guger Tree, He, Gaobei Muhe, Hemu, Heshu.

Botanical Features: Schima wallichii is a tall evergreen tree that relates to the family of tea Theaceae. It is known to grow up to 47 meters tall, and it has a cylindrical bole that is branchless for up to 25 meters. The bark of the tree is reddish-brown to dark grey⁴. The leaves of Schima wallichii are spiral in arrangement, oblong to broadly elliptic in shape, and have a size of 6-13 x 3-5cm. Interestingly, the base of the leaves is wedge-shaped while the apex is acute to acuminate. The margin of the leaves is toothed and there are 6-8 pairs of secondary veins. The petioles are about 3 mm long⁵. The tree produces showy white flowers that have five petals and many yellow stamens at the end of twigs. Flowers can be seen all year round, but they tend to be more abundant during the season changes⁶. The fruit of this tree is unique as well - it's a 5-valved capsule that resembles camellia seeds, and it can be found near the top of the tree. The flowers grow individually and have 2 bracteoles and 5 petals that are white with a rosy flush. The corolla base has numerous stamens, the ovary is located at the top and has 5 separate chambers and 2-6 ovules in each cell. the shape of the seeds is like small kidneys with narrow wings⁷. The heartwood of Schima wallichii is grey-brown, reddish-brown-brown but sometimes it appears dark reddish-brown. There are tiny, thick, angular pieces in the reddish-brown to dark-grey bark. The bright red, skin-irritating threads of the inner bark⁸.

Fig 1.1 Schima wallichii tree.¹

Fig 1.2 Schima wallichii⁹

Geographical Distribution:

Schima wallichii, known as the needlewood tree or Chilaune, exhibits a broad geographic distribution across South and Southeast Asia. Its natural habitat encompasses the Himalayan region, including Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of India^1,9. The tree is prominently found in various states of India, particularly in the Eastern Himalayas, Northeast India, and the Western Ghats. Schima Wallichii's region is also found in countries like Southeast Asia, such as Laos, Thailand, southern China, Vietnam, Myanmar and various other countries.^2,4.

Fig 1.3 Geographic distribution of Schima wallichii¹

Ecological significance:

The needlewood tree, Schima wallichii, is an essential environmental component of its natural ecosystem. The tree improves the habitat by giving species shelter as well as food and maintaining the earth's surface, increasing the ecosystem's overall biological diversity. A wide variety of flora and wildlife are supported by the climate that the tree's massive crown generates. The winds easily distribute the tree's seeds, which keeps the tree's supply stable and encourages dispersers of seeds like birds. Common trees such as Chilauni flourish in a range of environments, soil kinds, and humidity².It is commonly found in primary montane forests of India. Many different types of animals, including birds, mammals, and insects, can easily find shelter and food under the tree. This helps seeds scattered like birds because the seeds are easy to carry and wind-transportable. Schima wallichii supports biological diversity by giving different species a place to live and using it as a shelter. The tree's versatility and durability are further demonstrated by its capacity to thrive in a variety of soil types and settings. Particularly in regions with the presence of steep slopes, the tree's vast root structure aids in stabilizing the land and preventing landslides. The tree's capacity to flourish through streams and in wetlands contributes to its durability in the environment⁹.

Collection and extraction of Schima wallichii bark:

There are multiple stages involved in removing bioactive components from Schima wallichii bark.^10,11.

Collection and Preparation of Bark:

· Harvest the bark from the Schima wallichii trees or collect it from the locals.

· Clean the bark to remove its impurities.

· Using the right instruments, such as a hand pruner or tiny knife, carefully cut off a little piece of bark without endangering the tree.

Selection of Solvent:

· Choosing an appropriate solvent based on the targeted compounds.

· Common solvents may include petroleum ether, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform.

Extraction Methods:

· Soxhlet Extraction: It Involves the sample being continuously circulated with a solvent. Although this approach involves the Soxhlet apparatus, it is more productive and effective.

· Maceration: After chopping the bark, put it in a pot and pour the chosen solvent onto it. Let it soak up for a long time, usually a few days, with agitation.

Filtration: Following the extracting period, filter the mixture to remove the remaining solids and liquid extract. Choose filter papers or a funnel by Buchner that is suitable for this application.

Extract collection:

· Collect the extracted products using a water bath or a rotary evaporator to remove the solvent from it and create a highly concentrated extraction.

Fig 1. Extraction of Schima wallichii by Soxhlet Extraction Method.

The chemical composition of Schima wallichii bark: Schima wallichii's bark contains a variety range of phytochemicals, which includes flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The biological functions and therapeutic qualities of Schima wallichii bark can be attributed to these substances. These phytochemicals suggest that the bark may have many pharmacological uses, that includes as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other health-related advantages ^3,12.

The different phytochemical composition of Schima wallichii bark varies depending on the type of solvent used for extraction^{11,13,14,15,16}. (Table-1).

Table 1. Different phytochemicals present in different Schima wallichii bark in different solvents.

Compounds	Bark methanol extract	Bark aqueous extract
Alkaloid	Absent	Absent
Saponin	Present	Present
Terpenoids	Present	Present
Flavonoids	Present	Present
Tannins	Present	Present
Glycosides	Present	Absent
Polyphenols	Present	Present
Quinones	Present	Present
Reducing Sugars	Present	Absent

Traditional use of Schima wallichii:

So Many cultures have historically used the parts of different plants for their therapeutic properties. Chilauni (Schima wallichii) is one of the plants traditionally used for several therapeutic purposes.

In traditional medicine, the bark of Chilauni is employed as a versatile remedy. It is a great antibacterial for healing wounds and cuts, and it also has some benefits in fighting gonorrhoea. The bark also serves as a skin irritant and a vermicide, effectively getting the removal of intestinal worms^17,18. When it is mixed with a decoction, it helps in head lice infestations and fever reduction. ¹⁷. Also, the bark juice is used as a liver fluke remover in animals¹⁹.

The sap of the stem is known for its property to heal ear infections providing relief from inflammation and discomfort²⁰. The fruit juice of Chilauni is used as a traditional remedy against snakebites in regions like western Mizoram, India indicating its importance in herbal medication^17,21. Its therapeutic properties extend beyond its bark and sap to other parts of the Chilauni plant as well. The young plants, leaves, and roots of S. wallichii are used to treat fever, and its bark has been shown to have anthelmintic properties that help clear out parasitic worms²². Furthermore, Schima wallichii leaves have been valued for their anticancer and anti-mutagenic effects²³.Chilauni is used more commonly in traditional medicine because of its function in treating particular conditions. As an astringent, the bark is being used to treat a variety of skin conditions, including acne, inflammations, ulcers, and itching. Moreover, ground-up seeds are used locally for cattle wounds and ulcers to control worms²⁴.

Alongside Chilauni is widely used in the manufacture of medicines because it has many medicinal properties other than bark and seed. The plant is highly useful for its ability to relieve pain, fight infection, and treat diarrhoea²⁵. Bark paste is used in the treatment of menorrhagia while infusions of bark are applied for alleviating symptoms associated with malaria ²⁶. Its seed oil is also used as an appetizer, for increasing scrotal growth while having anthelmintic effects. Applying the seed oil topically helps relieve rheumatism and several skin disorders, such as burns, baldness, acne, and itching. Furthermore, when used with garlic, the seed oil soothes cold fever and ear acne²⁵.

Additionally, Chilauni oil is also highly valued for its function in taking care of hair, acting as a hairdressing agent and stimulating the expansion of hair²⁷. The whole Plant is used in diabetes and its fruit as a tonic anthelminthic. It is also used for the treatment of people who have fever, sunstroke, pneumonia etc. and it is consumed for its anthelminthic properties, hunger stimulant, and tonic properties²⁸.

Therefore, the traditional uses of Chilauni highlight its significance in folk medicine and are evidence of the vast botanical knowledge that has been passed down through the ages. It's crucial to remember that, while traditional treatments can be extremely meaningful, it is important to seek medical advice from qualified health professionals to receive safe and effective care.

Different therapeutic activities of Schima wallichii:

Antioxidant activity:

Procedure: The antioxidant activity test on Schima wallichii extracts involved using the DPPH assay. Plant extract solutions were prepared at different concentrations and incubated with DPPH solutions. To determine the absorbance, measure the absorption at 517 nm after 30 minutes against a blank solution that contains methanol without DPPH.^30,31

Result: The antioxidant results of Schima wallichii extracts indicate significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH assay, which assesses free radical scavenging activity³². The plant extracts displayed concentration-dependent increment in radical scavenging activity, with the bark extracts showing higher antioxidant activity than the leaf extracts. While the observed IC50 values were higher than the positive standard quercetin, all values were less than 100 μg/mL, indicating potent antioxidant properties. Overall, the antioxidant results suggest that Schima wallichii extracts possess significant antioxidant potential, which can have various health benefits¹⁴.

Antibacterial activity:

Procedure: The agar-well diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of Schima wallichii extracts against different microorganisms. Sponges Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plates with 100 µL of bacterial inoculum. 20 µL of the plant extract solution (25 mg/mL in DMSO) should be added to the 7 mm-diameter MHA plate wells. For a full day, incubate MHA plates at 37°C. Look for zones of inhibition (ZOI) around the wells on the plates, then use a ruler to measure them. For comparison, use DMSO as the blank and ampicillin (1 mg/mL) as the standard.^33,34

Result: Significant antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria has been demonstrated by the plant extracts, with maximum effectiveness observed in SBM and SLM. There was no discernible action against Fusarium solani. Negative control (50% DMSO) showed no inhibition. SBM displayed a ZOI comparable to Ampicillin against B. subtilis³⁵. Overall, the antimicrobial activity testing demonstrated the effectiveness of Schima wallichii extracts against a range of bacteria, highlighting their potential as natural antimicrobial agents.¹⁴

Anti-tumor activity:

Procedure: The dried leaves of Schima wallichii were subjected to extraction using 70% ethanol. The resulting extract underwent sequential fractionation with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The cytotoxic effects of the fractions were assessed against MCF-7 cells employing the MTT assay³⁶. Subsequently, the ethyl acetate fraction, displaying the highest activity, underwent additional purification utilizing chromatographic techniques employing Wakogel C-200. The principal compound isolated was further refined on silica G-60 utilizing sulphuric acid-ethanol (1:9) as the eluent. Characterization of the compound was achieved through spectroscopic methods such as UV-IR, NMR, and LC-MS.³⁷

Result: In this study, Ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells in extracts from Schima wallichii. A notable bioactive molecule was subsequently identified and comprehensively characterized, providing novel insights into the repurposing of Schima wallichii for cancer therapy. More research is needed to reveal how these chemicals work in the body and make them more effective as medicine.²⁹

Anti-inflammatory activity:

Procedure:

Pharmacological action: The anti-inflammatory activity of a polyphenolic extract was studied using adult Wister strain albino rats of either sex (both sexes had received different treatments) weighing between 180-220 g in each group and healthy. The extract was tested for its effect after cotton pellet granuloma and carrageenan paw oedema in rats weighing 180–240 g. Rats were divided into 4 groups; Group I (Inflamed control), Group II (150 mg/kg of ethanoic extract), Group III (300 mg/kg) and, Group IV (10 mg/kg indomethacin). Carrageenan (0.1 mL, 1% w/v) was subcutaneously injected into the right paw to treat paw oedema, and a plethysmometer was used to track the oedema’s progression³⁰. The formula for calculating the percentage inhibition of oedema was (% inhibition = (Vc-Vt)/Vt×100), where Vc and Vt stand for the mean oedema volumes of the treated and control groups, respectively. Sterilised cotton pellets (10 mg) were inserted subcutaneously in the cotton pellet granuloma model. Granulomas underwent seven days of therapy before being extracted, dried, and weighed. To compare the groups, the percentage inhibition of granuloma dry weight was computed.^38,39

RESULT:

In acute and chronic animal inflammation models, the polyphenolic extract from S. wallichii bark demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory action along with concentration-dependent suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF- and IL-6 production. The presence of flavonoids and polyphenolic chemicals in the extract may be responsible for the reported benefits. These compounds are recognized for their capacity to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulate inflammatory responses. These findings highlight the potential of the polyphenolic extract as a natural anti-inflammatory agent, suggesting its possible utility in the management of inflammatory conditions. Further additional research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory properties^40.

DISCUSSION:

This review briefly summarizes the pharmacological potential as well as its ecological importance with traditional medicinal uses of Schima wallichii. Maceration and Soxhlet extraction of the bark and leaves bioactive compounds concerned include tannins, saponin, terpenoids flavonoids that are responsible for its pharmacological activity. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, and anti-bacterial properties and significant efficacy despite being a potent series. In the traditional healing systems around the Sikkim Himalayas, different parts of the tree have been used for wound injuries to intestinal worms. The skin of Schima wallichii is rich in pharmacologic active ingredients such as astringents, saponins, terpenoids flavonoids glycosides and polyphenols which may have curative potential. Schima wallichii extracts were proven to possess potent antioxidant activities, in particular, bark extract exhibited stronger antioxidative potential than leaves. This also indicates the potential to harness its antibacterial prospective against both Gram-positive and negative strains of bacteria. Extracts from Schima wallichii have further uncovered cytotoxic activity against cancerous cells and beneficial anti-inflammatory actions in animal models. Traditional uses of chilauni have been shown for several diseases such as wound healing, ear infections and to some extent fever reduction, snake bites etc. Additionally, the seeds and oils from the plant are used to act as anthelmintic activities to increase appetite, and pain of rheumatism or skin diseases respectively. However, Schima wallichii is not only an important natural resource but also has great significance regarding its pharmacological activities. These bioactive compounds have the potential to address multiple disease states and develop future natural medicines.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

The authors are very much thankful to the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

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Received on 29.04.2024 Revised on 18.09.2024

Accepted on 20.12.2024 Published on 10.04.2025

Available online from April 12, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(4):1937-1942.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00277

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