INTRODUCTION:

The word "nanotechnology" encompasses all of the end products, methods, and features that come from the integration of biological, chemical, and physical sciences at the nanoscale-100 nanometer¹. Nanotechnology (0.1-100nm) is defined as "research and development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels to produce structures, devices, and systems that have unique functional capabilities".

A pharmaceutical nanosuspension consists of small, drug particles that are two-phased, scattered, and solid in a fluid medium². These particles are less than 1 µm in size, free of matrix material that has been produced and stabilized using polymers and surfactants using appropriate techniques for the administration of medication via oral, topical, parenteral, ocular, and pulmonary routes³.

The average size of the solid particles in nanosuspensions ranges from 200 to 600nm⁴. A nanosuspension improves the drug's safety and efficacy by altering its pharmacokinetics, which also addresses the issues of poor absorption and solubility⁵. Pharmaceuticals that are insoluble in organic and water-based media are formulated using nanosuspensions rather than lipidic systems. Nonetheless, the growing quantity of medications that have low permeability and/or solubility usually hinders diffusion via the oral mucosa. bottom-up techniques, including precipitating molecules to create nanoparticles⁶. With the help of polymers and/or surfactants, the former creates nanosuspensions, which are drug particles distributed in an aqueous medium at submicron colloidal dispersions without carriers^7. Because of the nanomaterial's higher surface energy, agglomeration is caused, and these stabilizing compounds are used to prevent it⁸.

During the breakdown process, the high-energy intake modifies the dose form. When drug particles are highly homogenized, they go from crystalline to amorphous⁹. Condition variations are influenced by drug toughness, the number of homogenization repeats, the drug's pharmacological composition, and the homogenizer's high capacity¹⁰.

Cefpodoxime proxetil belongs to oral third-generation cephalosporin that has a wide antimicrobial range. Since medicine has in vitro activity against a number of prevalent Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and germs linked to common child ailments, it is a great option for empirical therapy¹¹. In studies with randomized controlled trials, children suffering from acute otitis media, it was found to be as effective in regimens of penicillin V in the treatment of tonsillitis¹². As determined by criteria bacteriological. Based on bacteriological (2 trials) and clinical (1 research) criteria, cefpodoxime proxetil outperformed the other treatments¹³. Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive of many kinds, including those associated with general illnesses including bronchitis, pneumonia¹⁴, and pharyngitis, are vulnerable to the action of cefpodoxime¹⁵. The tolerance profile of this medication proxetil is similar to that of other oral cephalosporins¹⁶. The rate and extent of drug breakdown can be accelerated by reducing the particle size of the drug. A drug's particle size has a big impact on how soluble it is. Smaller drug fragments come into greater contact with the solvent, which increases drug solubility¹⁷.

MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES:

Cefpodoxime proxetil was obtained as a kind gift sample from Dhanuka Laboratories, Gurgaon, Haryana. Pluronic F60, PEG 400, and Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone K30 were purchased from Modern Industries, Nashik. Thermo Fisher Scientific India Pvt. Ltd. provided the analytical grade organic solvents and all other reagents utilized for assessment.

The procedure for making nanosuspension:

Nanosuspension was formulated by the Solvent evaporation method followed by the sonication technique. An appropriate weighed quantity of Cefpodoxime proxetil (300mg) and PVP K-30 was dissolved in DMSO. Alternatively, a solution of Tween 80 water was prepared. The drug solution was taken into a syringe and added drop by drop to the solution of Poloxamer 188 in a beaker. Place on a magnetic stirrer to evaporate the organic solvent for 1 hour. Further, this solution was kept for sonication for about 1 hour.

Developing Trial Batch Formulations

For composition, several polymers, including tween 80 as a surfactant and Pluronic F68, PEG 400, and PVP K30 as a stabilizer, were employed. Before the production of the nanosuspension, preformulation research was carried out to evaluate the drug's organoleptic properties, as well as its melting point, solubility, absorbance maxima (λmax), FT-IR analysis, and drug-excipient compatibility. PVP K30, PEG 400, and Pluronic F68 were used as common regulators at varying ratios in trial batches to select a stabilizer arrangement, as indicated in Table 1.

Table 1. Creation of trial batch

SN	Ingredients	Ratio
1	Cefpodoxime proxetil: Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30	1:10
2	Cefpodoxime proxetil: Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30	1:20
3	Cefpodoxime proxetil: Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30	1:30
4	Cefpodoxime proxetil: Poly Ethylene Glycol 400	1:10
5	Cefpodoxime proxetil: Poly Ethylene Glycol 400	1:20
6	Cefpodoxime proxetil: Poly Ethylene Glycol 400	1:30
7	Cefpodoxime proxetil: sodium Lauryl Sulphate	1:10
8	Cefpodoxime proxetil: sodium Lauryl Sulphate	1:20
9	Cefpodoxime proxetil: sodium Lauryl Sulfate	1:30

Formulation of Nanosuspension by using 2³ Factorial Design.

Cefpodoxime proxetil nanosuspension was developed using a 2³ factorial design. Cefpodoxime proxetil and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 in a ratio of 1:30, together with Cefpodoxime proxetil, were chosen to produce factorial design batches based on the % Entrapment efficiency result. Using a combination of PVP K30 (X1), Tween 80 (X2), and Stirring rate (X3) at two levels as low and high, together with dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent and water as a vehicle, the eight Cefpodoxime proxetil nanosuspension batches shown in Table 2 were created.

Analysis of Optimization Variables:

A 2³ factorial technique was used to optimize the variables in this investigation. Stat-Ease 360, a design expert program, was used to develop the research plan and response surface plot and analyze data from all of the formulations. For each of the response variables, a general linear model was chosen using the program. The goal of a linear model is to use a group of categorical or quantitative independent variables to describe or predict a quantitatively dependent variable.

Efficiency of Drug Entrapment:

To assess the efficiency of Cefpodoxime proxetil nanosuspensions entrapment, the amount of unentrapped cefpodoxime proxetil was estimated. In brief, the amount of medication that remained unentrapped was extracted from the nanosuspension using agitation in a cold ultracentrifuge for 30 minutes at 4 ± 0.5 °C at 20,000 rpm. Following that, spectrophotometry was used to assess the supernatant at a wavelength of 238 nm (n = 3)¹⁸. Employing the next formula, the percent entrapment efficiency (%EE) was calculated¹⁹:

Total drug taken – Drug in supernatant liquid

%EE = ----------------------------------------------------------- ×100

Total drug taken 1

Total Drug Content

To determine the proportion of drug content in each created nanosuspension, the following procedure was used. Following the creation of the nanosuspension, 5 mL was collected and centrifuged at 1000rpm for 15 minutes. After obtaining a 1mL aliquot, diluting it with methanol, and filtering it, the drug concentration of the diluted sample was determined using a UV spectrophotometer at λ max 238nm²¹.

Vol. total

Total drug content = ------------- × Quantity of drug in an aliquot ×100

Vol. Aliquot

TDC

% Totla Drug Content = --------------- × 100

TAD 2

Assessment of Particulate Size:

The average particle size and polydispersity index of the nanosuspension formulations were determined using the HORIBA Scientific SZ 100 V2 Tester. As a dispersion medium, water was used for scanning. One hundred scans of the sample were used to measure the particle size^22,23.

Zeta potential:

The HORIBA Scientific SZ 100 V2 Zeta sizer was used to determine the nanosuspension mixtures' zeta potential²⁴. The samples were diluted with an appropriate solvent before analysis. Electrostatic repulsion-driven physically stable nanosuspensions require a minimum of 30mV for the zeta potential. When combining steric or electrostatic stabilization, the nanosuspension formulation can be adequately stabilized with a zeta potential of around 120mV²⁵.

When combining steric or electrostatic stabilization, the nanosuspension formulation can be adequately stabilized with a zeta potential of around 120mV²⁶.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry:

The thermal characteristics of one of the improved batches and the pure medication cefpodoxime proxetil were assessed utilizing a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Mettler Toledo, DSC 3/5/2397). The drug and the optimum batch samples (1.2000mg and 1.5000mg, respectively) were placed into an aluminium pan, and dry nitrogen was utilized as the effluent gas. During the five-minute scan of both samples, the heat flow was adjusted using gas factor 1 to range from 0 to 350°C. Before scanning, pure E indium was used to calibrate the DSC²⁷.

In vitro drug release studies:

Using phosphate buffer saline (PBS), pH 6.8, as the dissolving media at 37±0.5°C and an Electrolab Dissolution Tester USP EDT 08L, a USP class II dissolution equipment, spinning at a speed of 50rpm. The research examined the trends of medicine release from nanosuspensions made using various techniques. A specimen (5ml) had been collected at various times, ranging from 5 to 180 minutes. A fresh dissolving medium was added with the same volume. Using a Shimadzu UV1800 spectrophotometer, the quantity of Cefpodoxime proxetil that was liberated was assessed at ƛmax 238nm (n = 3)²⁸. The paddle apparatus uses a coated paddle to reduce stirring disturbance, ensuring the shaft is positioned 2mm from the vessel's vertical axis and rotates without significant wobble.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Formulation of Trial Batches:

The percentage of entrapment efficiency of the trial batches that were prepared was assessed. The combination of polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 and Cefpodoxime Proxetil, batch T1, in a 1:1 ratio, demonstrates the highest percentage of entrapment efficiency at 96.16±0.55%. Based on this result, the final batches were prepared using the combination.

Nanosuspension formulation utilizing a 2³-factorial composition.

Considering experimental batches' percentage effectiveness of trapping, the combination utilizing Cefpodoxime Proxetil with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 demonstrates the highest percentage of entrapment efficiency. To create and assess eight batches with varying polymer ratios, polyvinylpyrrolidone k30, and Cefpodoxime Proxetil were combined.

Drug Entrapment Efficiency:

The proportion of the entrapment efficiency that manufactured final batches of Cefpodoxime proxetil nanosuspension was assessed. Blending Cefpodoxime proxetil with polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 in a 1:1 ratio yields the maximum entrapment efficiency percentage (96.16±0.55%) in batch F4. The present investigation analyzed the % entrapment efficiency of the manufactured final batches of Cefpodoxime proxetil nanosuspension. Batch F4 shows the highest percentage of entrapment efficiency when Cefpodoxime proxetil and polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 are mixed in a 1:1 ratio, measuring 96.16±0.55%, respectively.

% Total Drug Content:

The range of 87.45±0.66 to 95.61±0.32%, respectively, was found for the final batches of nanosuspensions total medication content, indicating minimal drug loss during the formulation process. Combining batch F4 with polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 yields the highest percentage of total medication (95.61±0.32%).

Analysis of particle size:

Using the HORIBA Scientific scanner SZ-100V2, the particle diameter and polydispersity index of the nanosuspension batches F1 - F8 have been investigated. Polydispersity Index for batches of nanosuspension was determined to be 0.562±0.430 for F2 and 0.042±0.01 for F1, with the average particle size falling between 160.6 ±1.2nm and 298.1±2.2nm. The polydispersity index quantifies the uniformity of the particle size distribution values above 0.5 in medication delivery systems often resulting in large-scale dispersions and aggregates. As the nanosuspension becomes more homogenous, the PDI value gets closer to zero.

Based on the results, batch F4 has a polydispersity index of 0.042±0.01 and a minimum particle size of 160.6± 4.2nm.

Zeta Potential:

Using the same apparatus, the zeta potential of nanosuspension batches F1 through F8 was ascertained through the measurement of particles' electrophoretic mobility in a magnetic field. The physical stability of fabric-based nanosuspensions is ensured by the Zeta potential, which is a measuring unit for a particle's surface electrical charge. The obtained result indicated that the zeta potential ranged from 17.4 to 35.4mV. A zeta potential of around 20mV is needed for combined electrical or steric stability, while a zeta potential of roughly 30mV is often needed for electrostatic repulsion. The F4 batch has the highest zeta potential (35.4mV) out of all nine batches.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry studies:

To verify the compatibility of the substances, For the DSC examination, DSC thermograms were acquired for the endothermic reaction of polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 and pure cefpodoxime proxetil using a DSC-60 equipment (M/s Shimadzu). Lastly, a DSC scan was performed on the physical mixture of the substances listed above.

Figure 1: I- DSC of Cefpodoxime proxetil and II- DSC of physical mixture of Cefpodoxime proxetil and PVP K30

Optimization Data Analysis:

The optimization was done using a 2³ technique. Utilizing Design Expert Stat-Ease 360, data from every formulation was examined. Three elements were employed in this case: Particle Size (Y1) and % EE (Y2) are the responses 1 and 2, while Polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 (X1), Tween 80 (X2), and Stirring rate (X3) are the factors A, B, and C. Additionally, two levels—low and high—were chosen. The Stat-Ease 360 program was used to evaluate and improve the statistics from each formulation. For optimization, a linear model was mostly employed. To complete the optimization process, two dependent factors (Y1, Y2) as well as three independent components (X1, X2) were taken into consideration as factors and responses, respectively. Three factors were considered: particle size, stirring rate, polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 concentration, and entrapment effectiveness. Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 concentration was selected as a continuous factor and Tween 80 as a discrete factor. The ANOVA result, which included validation of the batch that was optimized, was obtained by analysis. Following the inquiry and the collection of the ANOVA data, it was discovered that the F4 batch was optimized.

ANOVA:

To compare the two models, one uses the Analysis of Variance. It is helpful when looking at two or more variables, generally speaking. ANOVA is typically used to compare the average outcomes at various factor levels.

ANOVA for Linear Model:

Response 1: Particle size

Figure 2. 3D particle size surface plot; Particle size contour plot, and Particle size perturbation plot

Since green and yellow hues exist in equal numbers, the 3D surface plot and contour map (Figure 2) demonstrate that the effects of Tween 80 and Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 on particle size are identical. Furthermore, the perturbation plot showed an interaction appearance between the two lines, suggesting that Tween 80 and Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 had equal impacts on particle size. In this case, desirability—which emerged to comply with the essential requirement and assisted in determining the study's appropriate formulation—should be less than 1.

Response 2: %EE

Figure 3. 3D Entrapment Efficiency surface plot in percentage, Plotting of the Entrapment Efficiency Contour, and Plot of the Entrapment Efficiency perturbation

Green was more noticeable than blue in the 3D surface plot and contour plot (Figure 3), suggesting that Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 has a higher effect on the percentage of entrapment efficiency than Tween 80. Further evidence that Polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 had a stronger effect on %Entrapment efficiency than Tween 80 came from the perturbation plot, where the green line representing Factor A, or Polyvinylpyrrolidone k30, showed more interaction behavior than the blue line representing Factor B, or Tween 80.

In vitro Drug Release Studies:

According to the results, pure Cefpodoxime proxetil exhibits a drug release of 43.44% at a period of 180 minutes, as shown in Figure, whereas an optimized batch F4 shows a greater drug release of 99.45%.

Table 3. Invitro drug release profile of drug and optimized batch

Time (min)	Pure Drug	% Drug release
0	0	0
5	5.12	22.12
10	8.55	33.45
15	12.13	44.12
30	18.64	52.1
60	24.61	60.12
90	30.45	71.85
120	33.69	82.12
150	38.74	90.65
180	43.44	99.45

Figure 4. Comparative graph showing the percentage drug release profile of the F4 batch of nanosuspension and the pure drug

CONCLUSION:

Evaporation of the solvent was utilized to create cefpodoxime proxetil nanosuspension, which was then sonicated. Following the examination and the gathering of the ANOVA results, it was found that the F4 batch—which included polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 30mg and Tween 80 1.0ml—was an ideal cefpodoxime proxetil nanosuspension. When cefpodoxime proxetil is taken orally, effectively lowering the particle size to an appropriate level can significantly boost the bioavailability. The study's findings suggest that cefpodoxime proxetil nanosuspension might be an effective way to increase the drug's therapeutic impact in human volunteers and that it might be essential for the clinical assessment of nanosuspension in the future.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The authors express their sincere thanks to Dhanuka Laboratories Ltd., Gurgaon, Haryana, India for supplying gift samples of Cefpodoxime proxetil as an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. The authors are thankful to GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Nashik, MS, India for providing the facility to carry out the research work.

REFERENCES:

1. Kaur N, Singh G, Aggarwal D. Nanotechnology in herbal drug delivery systems: enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024; 17(2): 934-38. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00145

2. MG S, Reichal CR. Formulation and Evaluation of Teneligliptin Nanosuspension. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024; 17(1): 96-102. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00015

3. Earle RR, Gadela VR. Optimization and characterization of self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system of iloperidone using box-Behnken design and desirability function. In Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 2023; 81: 40-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2022.08.008

4. Shinkar DM, Jadhav SS, Pingale PL, Boraste SS, Vishvnath Amrutkar S. Formulation, Evaluation, And Optimization Of Glimepiride Nanosuspension By Using Antisolvent Evaporation Technique. Pharmacophore. 2022; 13(4): 49-58. https://doi.org/10.51847/1yGT4slm1W

5. MG S, Reichal CR. Formulation and Evaluation of Teneligliptin Nanosuspension. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024;17(1):96-102. 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00015

6. Jacob S, Nair AB, Shah J. Emerging role of nanosuspensions in drug delivery systems. Biomaterials Research. 2020; 24(3): 1-6. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00015

7. Panja A, Mishra AK, Dash M, Pandey NK, Singh SK, Kumar B. Solid lipid nanoparticles: A promising novel carrier. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; 15(12): 5879-85. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00992

8. Chaudhry GE, Akim A, Sung YY, Muhammad TS. Polymeric nanoparticles methods of preparation and drug release models: Effectiveness towards drug delivery systems. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; 15(7): 2883-7. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00481

9. Oktay AN, Karaküçük AE, Çelebi N. Formulation Strategies of Nanosuspensions for Various Administration Routes. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(5): 1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051520

10. Prajapati BG, Paliwal H, Patel M. Fabrication and evaluation of polymeric nanoparticles of acitretin for the solubility enhancement. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2023; 16(6): 2655-60. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00436

11. Bongirwar AA, Tirgar P. Formulation and characterization of Nanosuspension of Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Asparagus Racemosus for Solubility Enhancement By media milling technique. Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2023; 27(4): 518-525. DOI:10.25463/kjpp.27.4.2023.66

12. Saha P, Kathuria H, Pandey MM. Nose-to-brain delivery of rotigotine re-dispersible nanosuspension: In vitro and in vivo characterization. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2023; 79: 104-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104049

13. Ubgade S, Bapat A, Kilor V. Effect of various stabilizers on the stability of lansoprazole nanosuspension prepared using high shear homogenization: Preliminary investigation. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2021; 11(9): 085-92. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110910

14. Choudhury A, Laskar RE, Deka D, Sonowal K, Saha S, Dey BK. A review on nanoparticle: Types, preparation and its characterization. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(3): 1815-22. DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2021.00322.X

15. Kanis E, Parks J, Austin DL. Structural Analysis and Protein Binding of Cephalosporins. ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science. 2023; 6(1): 88-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.2c00168

16. Devi KT, Venkateswarlu BS, Umamaheswari D, Sankar GR, Prasanthi NL. Design and Development of Ornidazole Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; 15(6): 2639-44. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00441

17. Mehmood, Y., Shahid, H., Abbas, M., Farooq, U., Alshehri, S., Alam, P., and Ghoneim, M. M. Developing Nanosuspension Loaded with Azelastine for Potential Nasal Drug Delivery: Determination of Proinflammatory Interleukin IL-4 MRNA Expression and Industrial Scale-Up Strategy. ACS Omega, 2023; 8(26): 23812-23824. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02186

18. Thakkar V, Dalwadi S, Shah A, Shah P, Tandel D. Development and validation of high-performance thin layer chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of curcumin and artemisinin. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024; 17(4): 1825-31. 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00290

19. Liao Y, Xie Q, Li X, Yin X, Wu X, Liu M, Pan Y, Zeng L, Yang J, Feng Z, Qin X. Dissemination of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Southern China, 2021: genome-wide surveillance from 20 cities. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2023; 22(1): 30-39. DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00587-x

20. Alekhya A, Sailaja AK. Formulation and Evaluation of Letrozole Nanosuspension By Probe Sonication Method using Box-Behnken Design. Current Nanomaterials. 2023; 8(3): 266-279. DOI:10.2174/2405461507666220831093135

21. Darwish MK, El-Enin AS, Mohammed KH. Optimized nanoparticles for enhanced oral bioavailability of a poorly soluble drug: solid lipid nanoparticles versus nanostructured lipid carriers. A Book of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. 2022; 10(1): 69-87. DOI: 10.2174/2211738510666220210110003

22. Malaquias DP, Dourado LF, Lana ÂM, Souza F, Vilela J, Andrade M, Roa JP, Carvalho-Junior ÁD, Leite EA. Development and optimization by factorial design of polymeric nanoparticles for simvastatin delivery. Polímeros. 2022; 26; 32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.20220016

23. Raja MS, Venkataramana K. Formulation and Evaluation of Stabilized Glipizide Nanosuspension prepared by Precipitation Method. Evaluation. 2020; 2: 0-5. DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00900.2

24. Kamran M, Khan MA, Shafique M, Alotaibi G, Mouslem AA, Rehman M, Khan MA, Gul S. Formulation Design, Characterization and In-Vivo Assessment of Cefixime Loaded Binary Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Enhance Oral Bioavailability. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology. 2022; 18(4): 1215-26. DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3313

25. Agrahari V, Singh O. N., Ocular suspension and nanosuspension products: formulation development considerations. In ophthalmic product development: from bench to bedside cham: springer international publishing. 2022; 37: 317-347. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-76367-1_12

26. Dahiya DP, Saini G, Singh B, Chaudhary A, Chaudhary P, Chaudhary M. Development and optimization of RP-HPLC method for analysis of cefpodoxime proxetil impurity in pharmaceutical formulation. International Journal of Health Sciences. 2022; 7129-7151. DOI: 10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.6778

27. Patel S, Patel AP. Formulation and evaluation of benidipine nanosuspension. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(8): 4111-6. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00712

28. Jyothirmayi P, Devalarao G, Rao MV. Optimization of pulsatile compression-coated floated tablets of tramadol HCL for chrono pharmacotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis pain using a 23 factorial design. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2020; 13(12): 5823-30. DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.01015.X

Received on 24.06.2024 Revised on 15.10.2024

Accepted on 09.01.2025 Published on 12.06.2025

Available online from June 14, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(6):2774-2779.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00397

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Batch Code	Cefpodoxime Proxetil (mg)	Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (mg)	Tween 80 (ml)	Dimethyl sulfoxide (ml)	Distilled Water (ml)	Stirring rate (rpm)
F1	200	15	1.0	5	30	1000
F2	200	15	1.0	5	30	500
F3	200	15	0.5	5	30	1000
F4	200	30	1.0	5	30	1000
F5	200	30	1.0	5	30	500
F6	200	30	0.5	5	30	500
F7	200	30	0.5	5	30	1000
F8	200	15	0.5	5	30	500