Anthelmintic Properties of Chloroform Leaf Extracts from Barleria cristata and Memecylon edule, Identification of 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2-dodecen-1-ol and Dasycarpidan-1-methanol

K. Prabakaran¹*, G. Vani¹, M. Sathiyaseelan², P. Selvaganapathi³

¹Department of Chemistry, C.K. College of Engineering and Technology, (Autonoumous) Cuddalore 607003,

(Affiliated to Anna University), Tamil Nadu, India.

²Department of Chemistry, Swami Dayananda College of Arts and Science, Manjakkudi, 612610

(Affiliated to Bharthidasan University), Tamil Nadu, India.

³Department of Chemistry, SRM TRP Engineering College Tiruchirappalli 621105.

(Affiliated to Anna University), Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: kpraba1985@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

The rise of drug-resistant bacteria has driven researchers to explore natural alternatives. phytochemical examination of Barleria cristata Linn's chloroform extract. revealed several active ingredients in its leaf extract. To obtain a complete chemical profile of the chloroform leaf extract, a combination of NMR, GC-MS, IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy is required. A thorough analysis of the biological characteristics and phytochemistry of the Barleria genus is provided in this research. Additionally, numerous studies have explored the chemical composition and potential therapeutic applications of Memecylon edule, a species in the Melastomataceae family. Chemical profiling of the chloroform leaf extract of Memecylon edule can be conducted using methods such as Methods of chromatography and instrumental spectroscopy identify bioactive compounds. Research on similar species, along with standard techniques for analyzing plant extracts, provides valuable insights. Both Memecylon edule and Barleria cristata chloroform leaf extracts have demonstrated significant anthelmintic activity.

KEYWORDS: Barleria cristata, Memecylon edule, Anthelmintic activity, Chloroform extracts, NMR, GC-MS.

INTRODUCTION:

Barleria cristata L is a frequently seen shrub in the subtropical Himalayas, Sikkim, Central, and South India.It has several therapeutic and medical applications. Anemia, toothaches, coughs, and Various components of Barleria cristata L. have been utilized to address different ailments. Roots and leaves are used to relieve edema and inflammation¹. Steroid glycosides known as phytoconstituent saponins are primarily linked to plant defense, but they also possess a diverse array of biological characteristics².

These consist of the following:³discouragements to insects;⁴ antifungal capabilities;⁵ anti-inflammatory qualities; and⁶ anti-cancer characteristics.The presence of 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2-dodecen-1-ol in the chloroform extract of Barleria cristata leaves enhances the plant's therapeutic efficacy.This chemical, together with other bioactive compounds in the extract, is essential to its medicinal capabilities. Research into these compounds may reveal new opportunities for pharmacological applications. The identification of dasycarpidan-1-methanol acetate in Memecylon edule contributes to the understanding of the plant's phytochemical composition and supports its traditional medicinal applications Dasycarpidan-1-methanol acetate has been associated with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects⁷. Memecylon edule leaves have long been used to relieve pain and inflammation because of these qualities. Research backs up the effectiveness of the plant's extracts in treating certain ailments.⁸

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

An assortment of Barleria cristata Three separate places in Tamil Nadu, including Kumbakonam, were used to gather the healthy plants of Barleria cristata. Distribution: Around the world, gardens and forests in Africa, the Pacific area, tropical and temperate Asia, and Asia are home to Barleria cristata⁹. Description: A huge, branching, tall, unarmed shrub known as Barleria cristata L. flourishes in a landscape area with full sun or moderate shade, well-drained, non-alkaline soil, and both.Memecylon edule (Melastomataceae) plant material leaves were gathered from Gunamangalam Village (Ariyalur district). The Sri indu Pharmacy College in Hyderabad is where a voucher specimen (PK018) is deposited. Memecylon edule leaves were ground using a 60-mesh filter after being air-dried at 41–52°C. Each part of Memecylon edule that was manufactured in this way was kept in a refrigerator in carefully sealed containers before to usage.

Experimental Design:

With minimal changes, the anthelmintic activity was evaluated using the technique provided. The study used mature earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) because of their morphological and physiological resemblance to human intestinal roundworms¹⁰. Several groups of worms were prepared. The control group received purified water and normal saline. The standard drug groups were administered albendazole at concentrations of 5mg/mL, 10mg/mL, and 15mg/mL were given.

Time of Paralysis:

Measured when the worms stopped moving at all, unless they were shaken violently.

Death Time: This was observed despite vigorous shaking and immersion in warm water at 50°C.The worms showed no signs of activity. This technique for verifying death is in line with accepted practices in related research.^11,12. Extraction and Structural Characterization of Compounds from Barleria cristata and Memecylon edule Leaves¹³.

Plant Material and Extraction:

Dried and powdered leaves of Barleria cristata and Memecylon edule (3kg) were thoroughly extracted at room temperature using 95% methanol (MeOH, 2.5 L × 3). The methanolic extracts were concentrated under decreased pressure, resulting in 123g of crude extract.Subsequently, the extract was subjected to solvent partitioning to obtain fractions 13.0g of hexane, 32.0g of chloroform (CHCl₃), 9.5g of ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and 6.4g of methanol (MeOH).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Barleria cristata:

3,7,11-Trimethyl-2-dodecen-1-ol is analyzed and found to have conjugated double bonds in its dodecene structure. This molecule is predicted to exhibit UV absorbance in the 200–300nm region¹⁴. A hydroxyl group (-OH) indicates that, depending on its surroundings, there may be modest absorption at 230–250nm1.19,20.A number of absorption peaks in the Barleria cristata leaf extract's FT-IR spectra are suggestive of several functional groups:N-H stretching, perhaps due to amines, at 3429 cm⁻¹.C-H stretching, probably from alkanes, at 2922 cm⁻¹.C-H stretching, perhaps from aldehydes, at 2856 cm⁻¹.C=O stretching at 1715 cm⁻¹ is a sign of carbonyl groups.Amide I and II bands, which are connected to proteins, measure 1576 cm⁻¹.Asymmetric PO₂⁻ stretching at 1410 cm⁻¹ suggests the presence of phosphate groups¹⁵. GC-MS analysis revealed that the extract included a number of bioactive chemicals, with being the main constituent (100% peak area). In conclusion, the thorough examination of Barleria cristata leaf extract 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2-dodecen-1-ol demonstrates their medicinal applications and chemical complexity¹⁶. According to the NMR data, the chemical has an alkyl chain with an aromatic ring (–C₆H₄–), an alkene (–CH=CH–) group, and a hydroxymethyl group. The ¹H NMR signal at 3.65ppm corresponds to the hydroxymethyl group, whereas the adjacent methylene carbon resonates at 46ppm in the ¹³C NMR spectrum.In ¹H NMR, the olefinic protons are found at 4.75 and 5.95ppm, whereas in the ¹³C NMR, they are found at 123 and 135ppm. The signals seen at 5.95 ppm in the ¹H NMR and between 152 and 158 ppm in the ¹³C NMR are consistent with the aromatic protons and carbons^17,18.

Memecylon edule:

Dasycarpidan-1-methanol

Memecylon edule leaf extract's GC-MS analysis showed a varied phytochemical composition, with Dasycarpidan-1 methanol, acetate (ester) showing a steady and noticeable peak at retention time 19.12min. The presence of this chemical as a major alkaloid in the extract was determined by its molecular ion peak at m/z 468 and distinctive fragment ions. Other peaks that were seen at RTs 17.22, 22.08, 23.27, and 26.18 minutes point to the detection of other phytochemical constituents, particularly putative flavonoids and terpenoids. Notable absorbance at 236nm is suggestive of Dasycarpidan-1-methanol¹⁹. Dasycarpidan-1-methanol and acetate (ester) values published in the literature are consistent with the observed ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra. A significant carbonyl signal at δ 174ppm and a singlet at δ 2.15ppm show that the acetate ester functional group is present.NMR study verifies the presence of dasycarpidan-1 methanol, acetate (ester) in the chloroform extract of Memecylon edule.

Anthelmintic activity:

The results support the effectiveness of leaf extracts from Memecylon edule (II) and Barleria cristata (I) as anthelmintic agents. A clear dose-dependent escalation in paralysis and mortality among the worms was recorded with increasing extract concentrations. Remarkably, at elevated doses, the fresh juice extracts demonstrated a level of activity similar to that of the conventional treatment. Albendazole Nonetheless, the aqueous extract and the chloroform-based extracts exhibited comparatively weaker activity than the fresh juice extracts. The anthelmintic effects of albendazole (15mg/mL) were seen at 9 minutes for B. cristata and 15 minutes for M. edule, as shown in Table 1. By contrast, B. cristata and M. edule responded to fresh juice extracts at 15mg/mL at 32 and 39 minutes, respectively. Higher quantities of aqueous extracts produced effects at 41 and 48 minutes, whereas extracts of chloroform operated on B. cristata and M. edule at 23 and 19 minutes, respectively. To clarify the precise processes underlying worm death, more research with isolated chemicals is necessary^20,21.

Table 1: Anthelmintic activity of Barleria cristata (I) and Memecylon edule (II)

Sl. No.	Extract	Concentration (mg/mL) I and II	Time of paralysis (min) I	Time of paralysis (min) II	Death time (min) I	Death time (min) II
1	Control:distilled water		Nil		nil
2	Control:normal saline		nil		nil
3	Standard: Albendazole	5	14	18	23	28
		10	9	12	17	21
		15	5	6	9	15
4	Test:(1)Fresh extract	5	52	49	112	98
		10	35	38	85	92
		15	22	24	32	39
	(2)Chloroform extract	5	86	98	110	115
		10	45	55	62	69
		15	24	29	41	48
	(3)Aqueous extract	5	52	57	86	95
		10	29	35	52	53
		15	9	12	23	19

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

There is no conflict of interest, according to the authors.

CONCLUSION:

The chloroform leaf extracts of Barleria cristata and Memecylon edule exhibit significant anthelmintic activity, highlighting their potential as natural alternatives to conventional anti-parasitic drugs. The identification of bioactive compounds such as 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2-dodecen-1-ol in Barleria cristata and Dasycarpidan-1-methanol acetate in Memecylon edule supports their medicinal efficacy. Spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses confirm the presence of phytochemicals with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic properties. These findings reinforce the traditional use of these plants and pave the way for further pharmacological research and development of plant-based anthelmintic therapies.

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Received on 09.01.2025 Revised on 28.07.2025

Accepted on 19.12.2025 Published on 16.03.2026

Available online from March 18, 2026

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(3):1011-1014.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00143

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

(I) 5 ml (a)	(I) 5 ml (b)	(I) 15 ml (a)	(I) 15 ml (b)
(II) 5 ml (a)	(II) 5 ml (b)	(II) 15 ml (a)	(II) 15 (b)