Author(s):
Gharsina Ghaisani Yumni, Rini Primitasari, Rindu Hartin Suharno, Pratiwi Ayu Kusumaningrum, Sumantri, Sugito Chandra
Email(s):
gharsinaghaisani@unwahas.ac.id
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00871 
Address:
Gharsina Ghaisani Yumni*, Rini Primitasari, Rindu Hartin Suharno, Pratiwi Ayu Kusumaningrum, Sumantri, Sugito Chandra
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Wahid Hasyim, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 18,
Issue - 12,
Year - 2025
ABSTRACT:
Basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) offer various health benefits due to their analgesic, antipyretic, antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. They contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins, which exhibit antioxidant activity. This research focuses on evaluating the antioxidant activity of basil leaves and determining their total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content. Samples were collected from different locations in Central Java and analyzed using chemometric techniques, specifically Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA), for classification. Basil leaves are processed through the maceration technique utilizing a 96% ethanol solvent to produce a concentrated extract. The ethanol extract of basil leaves is then evaluated for its antioxidant potential using the DPPH method, with vitamin C serving as a reference standard; total flavonoid levels were determined using a quercetin comparator, and tannin levels were determined using a tannic acid comparator. The results showed that 96% ethanol extract of basil leaves had the highest antioxidant value, phenolic content, flavonoid content, and tannin content of 56.26ppm, respectively; 106.068mgGAE/g, 18.56mgQE/g, 42.75mgTAE/g from the Banjarnegara area. The sample was divided into three groups analyzed using the PCA and CA methods based on the variables used. Group 1 is Klaten, Kudus, and Pekalongan; group 2, namely Bandungan and Magelang; group 3 is Banjarnegara.
Cite this article:
Gharsina Ghaisani Yumni, Rini Primitasari, Rindu Hartin Suharno, Pratiwi Ayu Kusumaningrum, Sumantri, Sugito Chandra. Chemical Components of 96% Ethanol Extract of Basil Leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Evaluation of their Antioxidant Activities using DPPH Method from various regions in Central Java. Research Journal Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(12):6028-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00871
Cite(Electronic):
Gharsina Ghaisani Yumni, Rini Primitasari, Rindu Hartin Suharno, Pratiwi Ayu Kusumaningrum, Sumantri, Sugito Chandra. Chemical Components of 96% Ethanol Extract of Basil Leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Evaluation of their Antioxidant Activities using DPPH Method from various regions in Central Java. Research Journal Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(12):6028-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00871 Available on: https://www.rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2025-18-12-61
REFERENCES:
1. Harianja M, Rahman H, Wigati S. Invitro: Evaluasi Aktifitas Peluruhan Batu Ginjal Ekstrak Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum) Menggunakan Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom. Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan. 2021; Jun 30; 3(3): 451–7. DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v3i3.359
2. Antarti AN, Lisnasari R. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ektrak Ethanol Daun Family Solanum Menggunakan Metode Reduksi Radikal Bebas DPPH. JPSCR : Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research. 2018; Oct 9; 3(2): 62. DOI: 10.20961/jpscr.v3i2.15378
3. Tong Z, He W, Fan X, Guo A. Biological Function of Plant Tannin and Its Application in Animal Health. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2022; Jan 10; 8. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.803657
4. Arrayyan MA, Dwiloka B, Susanti DS. The Effect of Vegetable Fat Enfleurage Concentration to Antioxidant Activity and Physical Characteristic of Basil Essential Oil (Ocimum americanum L.). Jurnal Teknologi Pangan. 2019; 3(2): 221–7. DOI: Https://doi.org/10.14710/jtp.2019.23828
5. Nuzulia R, Santoso O. Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum Linn) Pada Berbagai Konsentrasi Terhadap Viabilitas Bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Diponegoro Medical Journal (Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro). 2020; 6(4): 1565–71.
6. Satpute KL, Kalyankar TM. Investigation of Antiacne activity of some Medicinal Plants against Pathogenic Bacteria. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018; 11(7): 2776. DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00513.9
7. Purushothaman B, Suganthi N, Jothi A, Shanmugam K. Molecular Docking Studies of potential anticancer agents from Ocimum basilicum L. against human colorectal cancer regulating genes: An insilico approach. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2019; 12(7): 3423. DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00579.1
8. Nadimohamed N, Mahmoud B, Abdel-Reheim ES, Abdel-Moneim A. Olive and basil leave extracts protect against ibuprofen induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2020; 13(9): 4190. DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00740.4
9. Shagana S, Navenaa S, Vijay J, Vishali S, Rajendran V. Investigation of in vitro Anthelmintic activity of Ocimum basilicum Linn. (Lamiaceae). RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND TECHNOLOGY. 2021; 14(1): 52–4. DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2021.00010.X
10. Masoudi R, Aldiab D, Hasan N. Study of the Anticoagulant effect of Ocimum basilicum extract. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024; Jul 24; 3339–45. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00522
11. Pundir S, Kumari R, Chauhan B. A Review on Treatment of Leprosy by using Medicinal Plants. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2024; May 28; 130–2. DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2024.00025
12. Mahcene Z, Mahcene Z, Bireche K, Serdouk F. Socioeconomic valorization and development of a bio-fungicide from essential oils of four Algerian aromatic and medicinal plants: Artemisia herba alba Asso, Mentha pulegium L, Rosmarinus officinalis L and Ocimum basilicum L. Asian Journal Of Research in Chemistry. 2020; 13(6): 473–84. DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2020.00084.X
13. Timotius T, Limanan D, Ferdinal F. Uji Toksisitas, Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Kadar Metabolit Sekunder Daun Kemangi (Ocimum X Africanum lour). Jurnal Muara Medika dan Psikologi Klinis. 2022; Mar 24; 1(2): 139. DOI: 10.24912/jmmpk.v1i2.15308
14. Kumar Pandey A, Prasad Tiwari S, Biswas D, Patel Y, M. Jajda H, S. Dave G. Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory properties of leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2023; Apr 29; 1981–6. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00325
15. Desta A, Chaithanya K K, Kumar A.D N, Cheekurumelli P, Dogulas Palleti J, Rai S, et al. Physicochemical Characteristics, Chemical composition and In vitro Antioxidant activities of Essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L. Leaves. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024; May 15; 2352–8. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00368
16. Nurfitriyah R, Wurjani W, Augustien K N. Respon Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) Pada Pemberian Berbagai Dosis Pupuk Nitrogen. Jurnal Agrium. 2022; Sep 16; 19(3):257. DOI: 10.29103/agrium.v19i3.8754
17. Qaderi MM, Martel AB, Strugnell CA. Environmental Factors Regulate Plant Secondary Metabolites. Plants. 2023; Jan 18; 12(3): 447. DOI: 10.3390/plants12030447
18. Widyastuti I, Luthfah HZ, Hartono YI, Islamadina R, Can AT, Rohman A. Antioxidant Activity of Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) and its Classification with Chemometrics. Indonesian Journal of Chemometrics and Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2020; Jul 19; 29. DOI: 10.22146/ijcpa.507
19. Raharjo A, Elida T, Prajitno D. Studi Kesesuaian Lahan terhadap Sukun (Artocarpus sp.) di Kota Tarakan, Kalimantan Utara. Jurnal Agribisnis Terpadu. 2020; Jun 1; 13(1): 120. DOI: 10.33512/jat.v13i1.7350
20. Meenakumari K, Vasanth S, Buelah JJ, Bupesh G. GC-MS and HPTLC Analysis of Ocimum basilicum Ethanolic extract obtained from five locations of Tamilnadu. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2023; Nov 30; 5167–72. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00837
21. Yanti NLMYI, Arpiwi NL, Yulihastuti DA. Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimum × africanum Lour.) dan Efektivitasnya Sebagai Lotion Antinyamuk terhadap Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020; Sep 29; 7(2): 105. DOI: 10.24843/metamorfosa.2020.v07.i02.p14
22. Katuuk RHH, Wanget SA, Tumewu P. Pengaruh perbedaan ketinggian tempat terhadap kandungan metabolit sekunder pada gulma babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.). Jurnal COCOS. 2019; 1(4): 6.
23. Rohman A, Can AT, Irnawati, Rafi M, Lukitaningsih E, Fadzilah NA. Principal Component Analysis of Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenolic contents, and Total Flavonoid contents of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2020; Nov 2; 12(sp2). DOI: 10.31838/ijpr/2020.SP2.354
24. Yumni GG, Primitasari R, Afifah NN. Chemometric Analysis of Ethanol Extract of Breadfruit Leaves (Artocarpus altilis) from Various Regions in Central Java. Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2024;14(August): 167–75.
25. Pérez M, Dominguez-López I, Lamuela-Raventós RM. The Chemistry Behind the Folin–Ciocalteu Method for the Estimation of (Poly)phenol Content in Food: Total Phenolic Intake in a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2023; Nov 22; 71(46): 17543–53. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04022
26. Nofita D, Dewangga R. Optimasi Perbandingan Pelarut Etanol Air Terhadap Kadar Tanin pada Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R and G. Forst) Secara Spektrofotometri. Chimica et Natura Acta. 2022; 9(3): 102–6.
27. Amin A. Determinasi dan Analisis Finger Print Daun Miana (Coleus scutellarioides Linn.) Sebagai Bahan Baku Obat Tradisional. Jf Fik Uinam. 2016; 4(2): 58–64.
28. Yumni GG, Sumantri S, Nuraini I, Nafis IJ. Profil Antioksidan dan Kadar Flavonoid Total Fraksi Air dan Etil Asetat Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.). Cendekia Eksakta. 2022; May 25; 7(1): 12–7. DOI: 10.31942/ce.v7i1.6547
29. Wendersteyt NV, Wewengkang DS, Abdullah SS. Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba dari Ekstrak dan Fraksi Ascidian herdmania momus dari Perairan Pulau Bangka Likupang terhadap Pertumbuhan Mikroba Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium dan Candida albicans. PHARMACON. 2021; Feb 24; 10(1): 706. DOI: 10.35799/pha.10.2021.32758
30. Harborne JB. Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan. Bandung: ITB Press; 1987.
31. Fatmawati IS, Haeruddin, Mulyana WO. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Aveerrhoa bilimbi L.) dengan Metode DPPH. SAINS: Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia. 2023; 12(1): 41–9.
32. Azizah DN, Kumolowati E, Faramayuda F. Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Metode AlCl3 pada Ekstrak Metano Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.). Kartika Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi. 2014; Dec 9; 2(2). DOI: 10.26874/kjif.v2i2.14
33. Lindawati NY, Ma’ruf SH. Penetapan Kadar Total Flavonoid Ekstrak Etanol Kacang Merah (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Secara Spektrofotometri Visibel. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung. 2020; Jun 30; 6(1): 83–91. DOI: 10.51352/jim.v6i1.312
34. Sari AK, Ayuchecaria N. Penetapan Kadar Fenolik Total dan Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Beras Hitam (Oryza sativa L) dari Kalimantan Selatan. Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina. 2017; 2(2): 327–35.
35. Listiana L, Wahlanto P, Ramadhani SS, Ismail R. Penetapan Kadar Tanin Dalam Daun Mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium Merr) Perasan dan Rebusan dengan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Pharmacy Genius. 2022; Oct 20; 1(1): 62–73. DOI: 10.56359/pharmgen.v1i01.152
36. Noviyanty Y, Hepiyansori, Agustian Y. Identifikasi dan Penetapan Kadar Senyawa Tanin Pada Ekstrak Daun Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung. 2020; 6(1): 57–64.