Author(s):
Shilpa Choudhary, Priyanka Mathur
Email(s):
schoudharychopra@gmail.com , priyanka.1970@iisuniv.ac.in
DOI:
10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00383.2 
Address:
Shilpa Choudhary, Priyanka Mathur
Department of Life Sciences, IIS (deemed to be University), Gurukul Marg, SFS, Mansarovar, Jaipur - 302020, Rajasthan, India.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 13,
Issue - 5,
Year - 2020
ABSTRACT:
Rajasthan has the highest number of habitations where groundwater contains fluoride specifically in the region of Thar Desert. Infact, Pan India is affected by fluoride problem, but Rajasthan is the only state where almost all the districts are affected by high fluoride. High Fluoride concentration in drinking water has been shown to cause skeletal and dental abnormalities, besides others such as osteosclerosis. It has been shown through medical research that almost all the vital systems and organs in the body including thyroid, kidney, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurological, reproductive, developmental, molecular level, immunity etc. gets affected by concentration of Fluoride when it exceeds WHO standard values. This finding facilitated us to go in further and find the effect of Sodium Fluoride (NaF) when given to pregnant mice through drinking water at various fetal developmental stages with focus on study of developmental pattern of the skeletal system of growing fetuses followed by a protective role of phytomaterials against it. In this study Quinoa seed, were selected because of its high nutritive value and latest findings indicating its antiteratogenic nature. The study was planned in such a way that females in question were subjected to fluoride treatment prior to mating, during pregnancy and post partum period when weaning process is on. The observations clearly indicates that post Sodium fluoride treatment there was a reduction in size and general body weight of fetuses. Besides this, there was an increase in the number of immature fetuses. Various skeletal anomalies were also observed, such as partially ossified ribs, reduced skull ossification, reduced sternebrae etc. Chenopodium Quinoa, also called Superfood due to its high quality of protein and wide range of minerals and vitamins was used for its protective role as mentioned earlier.In this study NaF along with Quinoa seeds were administered to treated animals. These animals showed improvement in maternal weight, increase in body weight and size of fetuses as well as bone ossification. These findings suggest that Quinoa seeds possibly have a protective effect against Sodium Fluoride induced teratogenicity.
Cite this article:
Shilpa Choudhary, Priyanka Mathur. Assessment of Protective Role of Quinoa against Sodium Fluoride Induced Skeletal Deformities in Mice Fetuses. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(5): 2129-2134. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00383.2
Cite(Electronic):
Shilpa Choudhary, Priyanka Mathur. Assessment of Protective Role of Quinoa against Sodium Fluoride Induced Skeletal Deformities in Mice Fetuses. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(5): 2129-2134. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00383.2 Available on: https://www.rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2020-13-5-13
REFERENCES:
1. Narayanaswamy M., and Basha M. Effect of Maternal Exposure of Fluoride on Biometals and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Developing CNS of Rat. Biol Trace Elem Res.2010; 133(1): 71–82.
2. Opydo-Szymaczek J, and Borysewicz-Lewickaa M. Transplacental Passage of Fluoride in Pregnant Polish Women Assessed On the Basis of Fluoride Concentrations in Maternal and Cord Blood Plasma. Fluoride. 2007; 40(1): 46–50.
3. Darmani H, Al-Hiysat A.S, and Elbetieha A. Effect of Sodium fluoride in drinking water on fertility in female mice. Fluoride. 2001; 34(4): 242-249.
4. OzsvathDL. Fluoride and environmental health: A Review. Rev. Environ SciBiotechnol. 2009; 8(2): 59-79.
5. Butterfield DA. Oxidative stress in neurogenerative disorder. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006; 8(4): 1971-1973.
6. Bhargava A, Shukla S, and Ohri D. Chenopodium quinoa – An Indian Perspective. Industrial Crops and Products. 2006; 23(1): 73-87.
7. Pasko P, Barton H, Zagrodzki P, Izewska A, Krosniak M, Gawlik M, Pasko P, Barton H, Zagrodzki P, Chłopicka J, and Gorinstein S. Effect of Quinoa Seeds (Chenopodium quinoa) in Diet on some Biochemical Parameters and Essential Elements in Blood of High Fructose-Fed Rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010; 65(13): 333–338.
8. Fuentes F, and Paredes-Gonzalez X. The state of the worlds Quinoa. Nutraceutical perspectives of Quinoa: Biological properties and functional applications. In FAO and CIRAD. 2013; 8(3):286-99.
9. Saxena S, Shahani L, and Bhatnagar P. Hepatoprotective effect of Chenopodium Quinoa seed against CCL-induced Liver toxicity in Swiss albino male mice. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017; 10 (11): 273-276.
10. Dawson A B. A Note on the Staining of the Skeleton of Cleared Specimens with Alizarin Red S. Stain Technology. 1926; 1(4): 123-124.
11. Green MC. A Rapid Method for Clearing and Staining Specimens for The Demonstration Of Bone. The Ohio Journal of Science. 1952; 52(1): 124-136.
12. Salaramoli J, Sadeghi F, Gilanpour H, Azarnia M, and Aliesfehani T. Modified double skeletal staining protocols with Alizarinred and Alcian blue in laboratory animals. AMHSR. 2015; 13(2): 76-81.
13. Gupta SK, Gupta RC, Sheth AK, and Gupta A. Reversal of fluorosis in children. Acta Paediatrica Japonica. 1996; 385(1): 513-519.
14. ArmstrongWD, Singer L, and Makowski EL. Placental transfer of Fluoride and Calcium. Am J ObstetGynecol. 1970; 107(2): 432-434.
15. Panchal S, and Verma RJ. Effect of sodium fluoride in maternal and offspring rats and its amelioration. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction. 2014; 3(1): 71-76.
16. Madhusudhan N, BashaP, Rai P, Ahmed F, and Prasad G. Effect of maternal Fluoride exposure on developing CNS of Rats: Protective role of Aloe vera, Curcuma longa and Ocimum Sanctum. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2009; 48(3): 830-836.
17. He Y, Niu R, Wang J, Liu H, and Wang S. Effects of protein versus calcium supplementation on bone metabolism and development influoride exposed offspring rats fed protein and calcium deficient diets. Fluoride. 2008; 41(1): 192-198.
18. Susheela AK, and Bhatnagar M. Reversal of fluoride induced cell injury through elimination of fluoride and consumption of diet rich in essential nutrients and antioxidants. Mol Cell Biochem. 2002; 234(2): 335-340.
19. Zhang ZY, Zhang GZ, Iju XJ, Sun GF, and Guan JK. Effects of Organic Fluoride exposure on the development their offspring. Fluoride. 1993; 26(5): 223-224.
20. Ream I J, Scott J N, Pendergrass PB. Bone morphology of weaning rats from dams subjected to fluoride. Cell Tissue Res. 1983; 233(4): 689-699.
21. Hussein HH and Mahmoud OM. Effects of Maternal Administration of Aluminum Chloride On The Development Of The Skeletal System Of Albino Rat Fetuses - Protective Role Of Saffron. Eur. J. Anat. 2013; 17(2): 63-71.
22. Brittany L., Poulev A, and Butterfield DA. Oxidative stress in neuro generative disorder. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006; 8(3): 1971-1973.
23. Vega-Galvez A, Miranda M, Vergara J, Uribe E, Puente L, and Martinez EA. Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd), an ancient Andeamgrain : a review. 2010; 90(15): 2541-2547.
24. Park JH, Lee YJ, KimYH, and Yoon KS. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Quinoa (Chenopodiumquinoa Willd.) Seeds Cultivated in Korea. Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2017; 22(3):195–202.
25. Letelier M E, Rodríguez-Rojas C, Sánchez-Jofré S, and Aracena-Parks P. Surfactant and antioxidant properties of an extract from Chenopodium quinoa Willd seed coats. Journal of Cereal Science. 2011; 53(4): 239-243.
26. Gordillo-Bastidas E1, Díaz-Rizzolo DA, Roura E2, Massanés T2, and Gomis R1. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), from Nutritional Value to Potential Health Benefits: An Integrative Review. J Nutr Food Sci. 2016; 6(3): 62-73.