Author(s):
Lidya Tumewu, Irfan Rayi Pamungkas, Hilkatul Ilmi, Achmad Fuad Hafid, Indah Setyawati Tantular, Suciati, Tutik Sri Wahyuni, Aty Widyawaruyanti
Email(s):
aty-w@ff.unair.ac.id
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2021.01084 
Address:
Lidya Tumewu1, Irfan Rayi Pamungkas2, Hilkatul Ilmi1, Achmad Fuad Hafid1,3, Indah Setyawati Tantular1,4, Suciati1,3, Tutik Sri Wahyuni1,3, Aty Widyawaruyanti1,3*
1Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Universitas Airlangga, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
2Undergraduate Student of Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
4Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Mayjen. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 14,
Issue - 12,
Year - 2021
ABSTRACT:
Background: Andrographis paniculata is a herbaceous plant in the Acanthaceae family, that is widely used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries and known to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects. Recent studies have provided an overview of the great potential of A. paniculata as an analgesic. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of A.paniculata were shown to contain diterpene lactone compounds, which may be useful as a potential active ingredient in analgesic drugs. The development of a herbal medicine based drug requires an effective and high quality active ingredient. Therefore, this research was aimed to compare the analgesic activity of ethanol extract and EA fraction based on their andrographolide content and further to determine the more viable active substance for analgesic herbal medicine based drug development. Method: The andrographolide content in the ethanol extract and EA fraction was determined by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Measurement of analgesic activity was performed by writhing test. The experimental animals were randomly divided into eight groups consisting of 5 mice in each. Group 1 (negative control) received 1% Tween-80 in normal saline. Group 2 (positive control) received a standard analgesic drug (diclofenac sodium) at a dose of 40?mg/kg body weight. Group 3, 4, and 5 received ethanol extract while Group 6, 7, and 8 received EA fraction, each at a dose of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg andrographolide/kg body weight, respectively. Each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with 1% acetic acid at a dose of 10?ml/kg body weight 30 minutes after oral administration of the treatments. The number of writhes were counted 5 min after acetic acid injection over a period of 45 min. Results: Andrographolide content in ethanol extract and EA fraction was 15.66±0.28 and 21.25±1.08 % w/w, respectively. Ethanol extract and EA fraction displayed analgesic activity of 67.68% and 70.91% respectively, at a dose of 50 mg andrographolide/kg body weight. The positive control at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight showed an analgesic activity of 74.33%. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between EA fraction at a dose of 50 mg andrographolide/kg body weight and ethanol extract at the same dose as well as the positive control (P> 0.05). The effective dose 50% (ED50) of the ethanol extract and EA fraction was determined to be 29.49 and 25.55 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Conclusion: It was possible to use andrographolide content as an indicator for the analgesic activity of A.paniculata. Ethanol extract and EA fraction of A. paniculata at the same dose of andrographolide showed similar analgesic activity. The amount of ethanol extract which needed to reach similar analgesic activity was higher than EA fraction. Therefore, EA fraction likely has greater potential as an analgesic active substance due to its higher content of andrographolide; however further study is needed to develop it as a dosage form.
Cite this article:
Lidya Tumewu, Irfan Rayi Pamungkas, Hilkatul Ilmi, Achmad Fuad Hafid, Indah Setyawati Tantular, Suciati, Tutik Sri Wahyuni, Aty Widyawaruyanti. The Role of Andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata as a Potential Analgesic for Herbal Medicine based Drug Development. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(12):6269-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.01084
Cite(Electronic):
Lidya Tumewu, Irfan Rayi Pamungkas, Hilkatul Ilmi, Achmad Fuad Hafid, Indah Setyawati Tantular, Suciati, Tutik Sri Wahyuni, Aty Widyawaruyanti. The Role of Andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata as a Potential Analgesic for Herbal Medicine based Drug Development. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(12):6269-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.01084 Available on: https://www.rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2021-14-12-14
REFERENCE:
1. Tatiya AU, Saluja AK, Kalaskar MG, Surana SJ, Patil PH. Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Bridelia retusa (Spreng) bark. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2017; 7: 441-51.
2. Ahmad F, Khan RA, Rashid S. Pharmacological Evaluation of Medicinal Plants For Their Analgesic Activity In Mice. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 1996; 10(2): 149-52.
3. Thomas MC. Diuretics, ACE inhibitors and NSAIDs - the triple whammy. Med J Aust. 2000; 172: 184-5.
4. Dubois RW, Melmed GY, Henning JM, Bernal M. Risk of upper gastrointestinal injury and event in patients treated with cyclooxigenase (COX)-1/COX-2 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), COX-2 selective NSAIDs and gastroprotective cotherapy: an appraisal of the literature, J Clin Rheumatol. 2004; 10(4): 78-89.
5. Sravathi K, Ramana KV, Sumalatha G, Neeraja K. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic potency of whole plant extract of Solanum surattense in experimental animals. Research J Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics 2013; 5(2):101-5.
6. Paul S, Saha D. Analgesic activity of methanol extract of Plumbago indica (L.) by acetic acid induced writhing method. Asian J Pharm Tech 2012; 2(2):74-6.
7. Vijay Amirtharaj R, Suresh V, Senthii Kumar R. Studies on anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of methanol extract of aerial part of Clerodendrum inerme in experimental animal models. Research J Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2010; 2(5): 421-4.
8. Deshmukh DB, Sherkar MR. Evaluation of in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of medicinal plant Lagenaria siceraria. Asian J Pharm Tech 2019; 9(2): 75-8.
9. Jadhav GB, Udavant PB, Saudagar RB, Upasani CD. Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of amarwel extracts on experimentally induce pain and inflammation on animals. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacodynamics 2014; 6(2): 112-7.
10. Paul S, Saha D. Analgesic activity of methanol extract of Alpinia conchigera Griff by acetic acid induced writhing method. Asian J Res Pharm Sci 2012; 2(2): 62-5.
11. Bhaskar VH, Sangameswaran B, Balakrishnan N, Panda AB, Raj NR, Sathis A. Screening of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcohol extract of Sida (Indian) species root. Research J Pharm Tech 2008; 1(3): 287-9.
12. Shivaprakash G, Gopalakrishna HN, Padbidri DS, Sadanand S, Sekhar SS, Nivedita RS. Evaluation of Andrographis paniculata leaves extract for analgesic activity. Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011; 4(10): 3375-7.
13. Nanduri S, Nyavanandi VK, Thunuguntla S S R, Kasu S, Palleria MK, Ram PS et al. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of andrographolide analogues as novel cytotoxicagents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004;14(18): 4711-7.
14. Akbar S. Andrographis paniculata: A Review of Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Effects. Alternative Medicine Review. 2011;16(1): 66-77.
15. Jayakumar T, Hsieh CY, Lee JJ, Sheu JJ. Review article: Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology of Andrographis paniculata and Its Major Bioactive Phytoconstituent Andrographolide. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013. Article ID846740. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/846740
16. Joselin J, Jeeva S. Andrographis paniculata: A Review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Med Aromat Plants. 2014;3:169.
17. Okhuarobo A, Falodun JE, Erharuyi O, Imieje V, Falodun A, Langer P. Harnessing the medicinal properties of Andrographis paniculata for diseases and beyond: a review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014; 4(3):213-22.
18. Hassan MM, Khan SA, Shaikat AH, Hossain ME, Hoque MA, Ullah MH et al. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracted leaves of selected medicinal plants in animal model. Vet World. 2013; 6(2):68-71.
19. Suebsasana S, Pongnaratorn P, Sattayasai J. Analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory and toxic effects of Andrographolide derivates in experimental animals. Arch Pharm Res. 2009; 32(9):1191-200.
20. Hijazi MA, El-Mallah A, Aboul-Ela M, Ellakany A. Evaluation of analgesic activity of Papaver libanoticum extract in mice: involement of opioids receptor. Evidance based complementary and alternative medicine. 2017. article ID 8935085.
21. Bhope SG, Kuber VV, Patil MJ, Ghosh VK. Validated HPTLC method for the quantitation of andrographolide from raw material and pharmaceutical dosage form. Asian J Research Chem 2009; 2(3): 314-7.
22. Rajasekaran A, Arivukkarasu R, Linda M. Estimation of andrographolide content in aqueous extract of siddha formulation by HPTLC. Asian J Pharm Ana 2015; 5(4): 206-8.
23. Suneetha A, Manasa K. Development and validation of visible spectrophotometric method for determination of andrographolide in kalmegh plant extract. Asian J Pharm Ana 2014; 4(2): 85-8.
24. Federer WT. Statistics and Society: Data Collection and Interpretation, 2nd Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker. 1991.
25. Collier HOJ, Dinneen LC, Johnson CA, Schneider C. The Abdominal Constriction Response and its Suppression by Analgesic Drugs in the Mouse. British J Pharmacol. 1968; 32:295–310.
26. Gawade S. Acetic Acid Induced Painful Endogenous Infliction in Writhing Test on Mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics. 2012; 3(4):348.
27. Thompson EB. Drug Bioscreening Fundamental of Drug Evaluation Technique In Pharmacology. New York Publishing Co, Inc. 1985.
28. Granger D. Role Of Xanthine Oxidase and Granulocytes in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 1988; 255(6):1269-75.
29. Duarte I, Nakamura M, Ferreira S. Participation of the Sympathetic System in Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing In Mice. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 1987; 21(2):341– 3.
30. Das P, Srivastav AK. Phytochemical Extraction and Characterization of the Leaves of Andrographis paniculata for Its Antibacterial, Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Pyretic and Antidiabetic Activity. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2014; 3(8): 15176-84.
31. Rajnarayana K, Reddy MS, Chaluvadi MR, Krishna DR. Biflavonoids classification, pharmacological, biochemical effects and therapeutic potential. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2001; 33:2-16. http://www.ijponline.com/article.asp?issn=0253-7613
32. Rao MR, Rao YM, Rao AV, Prabhkar MC, Rao CS, Muralidhar N. Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activity of a flavonoid isolated from Caralluma attenuate. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1998; 62: 63-6. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00048-8.
33. Madav S, Tripathi HC, Tandan, Mishra SK. Analgesic, antipyretic and antiulcerogenic effects of andrographolide. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1995; 57(3):121–5.
34. Thakur AK, Rai G, Chatterjee SS, Kumar V. Andrographis paniculata and andrographolide in diabetic rodents. EC Pharmaceutical Science. 2015; 1(1): 19-28.