Author(s):
Mugilan Govindaraju, Shivkanya Fuloria, Kathiresan V. Sathasivam
Email(s):
shivkanyafuloria@aimst.edu.my , skathir@aimst.edu.my
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00716
Address:
Mugilan Govindaraju1,2, Shivkanya Fuloria3, Kathiresan V. Sathasivam1
1Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia.
2Fairy Food Industries Sdn. Bhd, Plot 6491, Jalan Ayam Didik 2/2, Kawasan Perindustrian Ringan Taman Ria Jaya, Sungai Petani 08000, Kedah, Malaysia.
3Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 17,
Issue - 10,
Year - 2024
ABSTRACT:
Composting is a solid waste management process that is intended to improve soil and enhance organic crop productivity. It is challenging to handle food waste using traditional waste treatment techniques due to its high moisture and oil content as well as its variable composition. In this research, various bakery wastes such as food waste (bread waste and cake waste), paper boxes, eggshells and cow dung, dry leaves and Palm Press Fibre (PPF) were used for production of compost by applying bin composting method. Compost trials were formulated by using different ratios of feedstocks such as creamy and non-creamy bakery waste, paper boxes, eggshells, cow dung, dry leaves and PPF. For the assessment of maturity, stability and quality of the compost, various physicochemical parameters were monitored, namely: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, color, appearance, odor, water holding capacity (WHC), phytotoxicity, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), C/N ratio, micro and macronutrient analysis. At the end of this research project, it is expected that, cost effective formula will be identified to deal massive waste of bakery generated in bakery industries.
Cite this article:
Mugilan Govindaraju, Shivkanya Fuloria, Kathiresan V. Sathasivam. Valorisation and physicochemical analysis of Bakery Waste Biocompost. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024; 17(10):4649-7. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00716
Cite(Electronic):
Mugilan Govindaraju, Shivkanya Fuloria, Kathiresan V. Sathasivam. Valorisation and physicochemical analysis of Bakery Waste Biocompost. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024; 17(10):4649-7. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00716 Available on: https://www.rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2024-17-10-1
REFERENCES:
1. Palaniveloo K, Amran MA, Norhashim NA, et al. Food waste composting and microbial community structure profiling. Processes. 2020; 8(6): 723. doi:10.3390/pr8060723
2. Raimi HSM, Tuan Ismail T.N.H., Mohamed Najib M.Z., Mohamed Yusop F. Food waste solution at home: conventional and rapid composting techniques. Food Res. 2020; 4(S6): 1-10. doi:10.26656/fr.2017.4(S6).016
3. Behera SK, Kim DH, Shin HS, Cho SK, Yoon SP, Park HS. Enhanced methane recovery by food waste leachate injection into a landfill in Korea. Waste Management. 2011; 31(9-10): 2126-2132. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2011.05.005
4. Rebello SN, Nandan A, Siddiqui NA. Greenhouse Gases Life Cycle Assessment for Evaluation of Composting as Selected Management Technique of Food and Garden Waste Generated at an Indian Metropolitan Transport Hub. Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2015; 6(3): 330-334.
5. Mukherjee S, Mukhopadhyay S, Hashim MA, Sen Gupta B. Contemporary environmental issues of landfill leachate: assessment and remedies. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 2015; 45(5): 472-590. 6doi:10.1080/10643389.2013.876524
6. Shilev S, Naydenov M, Vancheva V, Aladjadjiyan A. Composting of food and agricultural wastes. In: Oreopoulou V, Russ W, eds. Utilization of By-Products and Treatment of Waste in the Food Industry. Springer US. 2007: 283-301. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35766-9_15
7. Lombardi M, Costantino M. A hierarchical pyramid for food waste based on a social innovation perspective. Sustainability. 2021; 13(9): 4661. doi:10.3390/su13094661
8. Briceño-León M, Pazmiño-Quishpe D, Clairand JM, Escrivá-Escrivá G. Energy efficiency measures in bakeries toward competitiveness and sustainability—case studies in Quito, Ecuador. Sustainability. 2021; 13(9): 5209. doi:10.3390/su13095209
9. Samray MN, Masatcioglu TM, Koksel H. Bread crumbs extrudates: a new approach for reducing bread waste. Journal of Cereal Science. 2019; 85: 130-136. doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2018.12.005
10. Neves L, Ferreira V, Oliveira R. Co-composting cow manure with food waste:the influence of lipids content. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 2009; 58: 986-991. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.193.3480&rep=rep1&type=pdf
11. Misra RV, Roy RN, Hiraoka H. On-Farm Composting Methods. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2013.
12. Wolka K, Melaku B. Exploring selected plant nutrient in compost prepared from food waste and cattle manure and Its effect on soil properties and maize yield at Wondo Genet, Ethiopia. Environ Syst Res. 2015; 4(1): 9. doi:10.1186/s40068-015-0035-0
13. Kumar M, Lin JG. Co-composting of food waste and green waste in pilot-scale systems: in-vessel and windrow investigations. Global Science Books. 2011; (2).
14. Vakhariya RR, Talokar S, Dhole AR, Mohite SK, Magdum CS. Comparative Standardization Study of Two Marketed Shatavari Churna Formulation. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2016; 6(1): 1-6.
15. Saranya V, Madhanraj P, Panneerselvam A. Cultivation, Composting, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Calocybe indica (C and A). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2011; 1(3): 55-57.
16. Prathiba A, Madhanraj P, Panneerselvam A. Cultivation, Composting, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Pleurotus platypus (Cooke and Massee) Sacc. Research Journal of Science and Technology. 2011; 3(5): 284-287.
17. Khater ESG. Mathematical model of compost pile temperature prediction. J Environ Anal Toxicol. 2014; 04(06). doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000242
18. Waqas M, Nizami AS, Aburiazaiza AS, Barakat MA, Ismail IMI, Rashid MI. Optimization of food waste compost with the use of biochar. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 216: 70-81. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.015
19. Rynk, R. Top soil bulk compost suppliers, logs and firewood. In: Science of Composting. 2008: 24-30. https://www.olus.co.uk/Basic-Science-of-Composting
20. Yadav M, Meena AK, Rao MM, Mangal AK, Chahal A. Physicochemical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies On the Leaves of Crinum latifolium Linn. Research J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2011; 3(3): 120-123.
21. Saad NF binti M, Baharin N, Zain SM. Windrow composting of yard wastes and food waste. Aust J Basic & Appl Sci. 2014; 8(19).
22. Mahima Yadav, A. K Meena, M M Rao, A. K Mangal, agbir Chahal. Physicochemical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies On the Leaves of Crinum latifolium Linn. Research J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2011; 3(3): 120-123.
23. Sánchez-Monedero MA, S.T. U, D.D. Cabañas-Vargas, A. K, E.I. Stentiford. Assessing the stability and maturity of compost at large-scale plants. Interamerican Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Association. Published online January 1, 2005. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228498759_Assessing_the_stability_and_maturity_of_compost_at_large-scale_plants
24. Meena AK, Verma SC, Rani R, Rao MM, Panda P, Padhi MM, Devalla RB. Evaluation of Preliminary Phytochemical and Physicochemical Studies on Juniperus Communis L. Fruit Used In Ayurvedic Formulations. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2012; 5(1): 88-91.
25. Wurff AWGVD, Fuchs JG, Raviv M, Termorshuizen A. Handbook for Composting and Compost Use in Organic Horticulture. BioGreenhouse; 2016. doi:10.18174/375218
26. Mohan GVK, Jayaprakash G, Devi KP. Assessment of Heavy Metal Studies in the Eggplant (Solanum melongena) Grown in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW22) Compost Applied Soil. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2011; 4(10): 1632-1634.
27. Krishnaveni M. Nutrient Analysis of Soil Collected from Panuchakuli Village, Kanyakumari District, Kanyakumari. Research Journal of Pharamcy and Technology. 2015: 8(7): 857-859.
28. Ameen A, Ahmad J, Raza S. Determination of total organic matter of mature compost prepared by using municipal solid waste. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 2016; 6(5).
29. Qurratulane B, Nagendra B. Phytotoxicity Analysis of Different Carpet Dyes and their Fungal Extracted Metabolites (Fungal Degraded Products) through Relative Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Parameters. Research Journal of science and Technology. 6(2): 66-7.
30. Zucconi F, Pera A, M F, Bertoldi MD. Evaluating toxicity of immature compost. BioCycle. 1981; 22(4): 54-57.
31. Barthod J, Rumpel C, Dignac MF. Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. a review. Agron Sustain Dev. 2018; 38(2): 17. doi:10.1007/s13593-018-0491-9
32. Finore I, Feola A, Russo L, et al. Thermophilic bacteria and their thermozymes in composting processes: a review. Chem Biol Technol Agric. 2023; 10(1): 7. doi:10.1186/s40538-023-00381-z
33. Meena AL, Karwal M, Raghavendra KJ, Narwal E. Aerobic vs anaerobic composting: differences and comparison. Food and Scientific Reports. Published online 2021. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.21424.69125
34. Hemidat S, Jaar M, Nassour A, Nelles M. Monitoring of composting process parameters: a case study in Jordan. Waste Biomass Valor. 2018; 9(12): 2257-2274. doi:10.1007/s12649-018-0197-x
35. Carry on composting ~ pH measurement of compost. Carry on Composting. Accessed February 28, 2024. http://www.carryoncomposting.com/416920214
36. Wu D lei, Liu P, Luo Y zhang, Tian G ming, Mahmood Q. Nitrogen transformations during co-composting of herbal residues, spent muushrooms and sludge. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2010; 11(7): 497-505. doi:10.1631/jzus.B0900271
37. An CJ, Huang GH, Yao Y, Sun W, An K. Performance of in-vessel composting of food waste in the presence of coal ash and uric acid. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2012; 203-204: 38-45. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.066
38. Chaher NEH, Hemidat S, Thabit Q, et al. Potential of Sustainable Concept for handling organic waste in Tunisia. Sustainability. 2020; 12(19): 8167. doi:10.3390/su12198167
39. Makan A, Assobhei O, Mountadar M. Effect of initial moisture content on the in-vessel composting under air pressure of organic fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco. J Environ Health Sci Engineer. 2013; 10(1): 3. doi:10.1186/1735-2746-10-3
40. Liang C, Das KC, McClendon RW. The Influence of temperature and, oisture contents regimes on the a=erobic microbial activity of a biosolids cpmmposting blend. Bioresource Technology. 2003; 86(2): 131-137. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00153-0
41. Chen L, Marti ME de H, Moore A, Falen C. Dairy compost production and use in Idaho: on-farm composting Management. University of Idaho. Published online 2011.
42. Manu MK, Kumar R, Garg A. Performance assessment of improved composting system for food waste with varying aeration and use of microbial inoculum. Bioresource Technology. 2017; 234: 167-177. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.023
43. Lee CH, Ko KK, Kim SC, et al. Characteristics of Food Waste Composting with Various Particle Sizes of Sawdust. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 2017; 62(1): 123-129. doi:10.5109/1800846
44. Lasaridi K, Protopapa I, Kotsou M, Pilidis G, Manios T, Kyriacou A. Quality assessment of composts in the Greek market: The need for standards and quality assurance. Journal of Environmental Management. 2006; 80(1): 58-65. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.08.011
45. Ahmed M, Idris A, Omar SRS. Physicochemical characterization of compost of the industrial tannery sludge. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. 2007; 2(1): 81-94. http://jestec.taylors.edu.my/Vol%202%20Issue%201%20April%2007/81-94%20Ahmed.pdf
46. Khater ES. Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Compost. Int J Waste Resources. 2015; 5(1). doi:10.4172/2252-5211.1000172
47. Waqas M, Nizami AS, Aburiazaiza AS, Barakat MA, Ismail IMI, Rashid MI. Optimization of food waste compost with the use of biochar. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 216: 70-81. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.015
48. A&L Canada Laboratories. Compost Analysis for Available Nutrients and Soil Suitability Criteria and Evaluation.; 2004. https://www.alcanada.com/pdf/Compost_Handbook.pdf
49. Buchanan M. Compost maturity index. J West. Published online 2001.
50. Nada WM. Stability and maturity of maize stalks compost as affected by aeration rate, C/N ratio and moisture content. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 2015; (ahead):0-0. doi:10.4067/S0718-95162015005000051
51. Biyada S, Merzouki M, Imtara H, et al. Advanced characterization of organic matter decaying during composting of industrial waste using spectral methods. Processes. 2021; 9(8): 1364. doi:10.3390/pr9081364
52. Aji NAS, Abu Zahrim Yaser, Junidah Lamaming, Mohd Al Mussa Ugak, Sariah Saalah, Mariani Rajin. Production of food waste compost and its effect on the growth of dwarf crape jasmine. jkukm. 2021; 33(3): 413-424. doi:10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(3)-04
53. Karnwal A, Kumar R. Bioconversion of solid waste into nutritional rich product for plants by using Eudrilus eugeniae. Pertanika J Trop Agric Sc. 2019; 42(2): 681-697.
54. Manna MC, Hajra’ JN, Singh AB. Comparative effectiveness of enriched phosphocompost and chemical fertilizer on crop yields and soil biological activity in an alluvial soil. Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research.
55. Khan M, Sharif M. Solubility enhancement of phosphorus from rock phosphate through composting with poultry Litter. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. Published online 2012.
56. Banta G, Dev SP. Field evaluation of nitrogen enriched phospho-compost prepared from green biomass of Lantana camara in wheat. Indian Journal of Ecology. 2009; 36(1): 39-44.
57. MS 1517 : 2012 Organic Fertilizers - Specification. Published online 2012.
58. Ozores-Hampton M. Guidelines for assessing compost quality for safe and effective utilization in vegetable production. hortte. 2017; 27(2): 162-165. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH03349-16
59. Iglesias-Jimenez E, Perez-Garcia V. Determination of maturity indices for city refuse composts. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 1992; 38: 331-343.
60. Benito M, Masaguer A, Moliner A, Arrigo N, Palma RM. Chemical and microbiological parameters for the characterisation of the stability and maturity of pruning waste compost. Biol Fertil Soils. 2003; 37(3): 184-189. doi:10.1007/s00374-003-0584-
61. Adi AJ, Noor ZM. Waste recycling: Utilization of coffee grounds and kitchen waste in vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology. 2009; 100(2): 1027-1030. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.07.024
62. Trisakti B, Lubis J, Husaini T, Irvan. Effect of turning frequency on composting of empty fruit bunches mixed with activated liquid organic fertilizer. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2017; 180: 012150. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/180/1/012150
63. Khalib SNB, Zakarya IA, Izhar TNT. The effect of low initial C:N ratio during composting of rice straw ash with food waste in evaluating the compost quality. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2020; 476(1): 012144. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/476/1/012144
64. El-mrini S, Aboutayeb R, Zouhri A. Effect of initial C/N ratio and turning frequency on quality of final compost of turkey manure and olive pomace. J Eng Appl Sci. 2022; 69(1): 37. doi:10.1186/s44147-022-00092-6
65. Al-Nawaiseh AR, Aljbour SH, Al-Hamaiedeh H, El-Hasan T, Hemidat S, Nassour A. Composting of organic waste: a sustainable alternative solution for solid waste management in Jordan. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering. 2021; 15(3).
66. Ahmed RS, Jalal SY, Ismael HM, Shekha YA. Chemical and biological properties of compost produced from house solid waste. ZJPAS. 2023; 35(3). doi:10.21271/ZJPAS.35.3.13
67. DARS 1490 organic fertilizers - specification. Published online 2018.
68. Zbytniewski R, Kosobucki P, Kowalkowski T, Buszewski B. The comparison study of compost and natural organic matter samples. Environ Sci & Pollut Res. 2002; 9(S1): 68-74. doi:10.1007/BF0298742
69. Biogro organic standards. Published April 5, 2009. Accessed January 25, 2024. https://www.biogro.co.nz/biogro-organic-standards
70. Kupper T, Bürge D, Bachmann HJ, Güsewell S, Mayer J. Heavy metals in source-separated compost and digestates. Waste Management. 2014; 34(5): 867-874. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.02.007
71. Samah MAA, Hassan NS, Hussain MRM, Ibrahim Z, Jan NHM, Kamarudin MKA. Determination Of heavy metals concentration In food waste compost on root uptake of capsicum annuum L. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. 2020; 29(9)
72. Fertilizer management : toxicity. Accessed January 28, 2024. https://aarsb.com.my/category/agro-management/page/5
73. EPA N. NSW environment protection authority (EPA). NSW Environment Protection Authority. Published July 2023. Accessed January 28, 2024. https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/
74. Sullivan DM, Bary AI, Miller RO, Brewer LJ. Interpreting compost analyses. Published online 2018. https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/2056/2023/05/Interpreting-Compost-Analysis.pdf
75. Tesfaye B. Composition of different composts and vermicompost and effects of their application rates on growth parameters of pot grown tomato. Afr J Agric Res. 2017; 12(18): 1514-1525. doi:10.5897/AJAR2016.11683
76. Rahman MM, Bhuiyan MSH, Rouf MA, Sarker RR, Rashid MH. Quality assessment of municipal solid waste compost. Acta Chemica Malaysia. 2020; 4(1): 33-39. doi:10.2478/acmy-2020-0006
77. Grgas D, Štefanac T, Barešić M, et al. Co-composting of sewage sludge, green waste, and food waste. J sustain dev energy water environ syst. 2023; 11(1): 1-14. doi:10.13044/j.sdewes.d10.0415
78. Kulkarni JA, Patel S. Effects of Nutrients in Soil Analysis of Shirpur Tahasil Region. Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry. 2010; 3(3): 596-599.
79. Zahra K, Farhan M, Kanwal A, et al. Investigating the role of bulking agents in compost maturity. Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1): 16003. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41891-y
80. Kim EY, Hong YK, Lee CH, Oh TK, Kim SC. Effect of organic compost manufactured with vegetable waste on nutrient supply and phytotoxicity. Appl Biol Chem. 2018; 61(5): 509-521. doi:10.1007/s13765-018-0386-0