ABSTRACT:
Background: Miswak, derived from Salvadora persica, has traditionally been used for oral hygiene. Although its antibacterial activity has been studied, multifaceted comparisons of its antioxidant potential, phenolic content, and bioavailability in various forms remain inadequate. Methods: This research assessed green and dry Miswak versus commercial toothpaste. Total phenolic amount and antioxidant activity were calculated utilising Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH assays, respectively. A 60-minute dissolution study simulated phenolic release in artificial saliva. An in vivo study was performed on 60 volunteers separated into four groups (green Miswak, dry Miswak, toothpaste, and control) to evaluate antibacterial activity over 15 days via total plate count analysis. Results: Green Miswak shows the highest total phenolic content (9.59 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (548.98% inhibition/100 mg), followed by dry Miswak and toothpaste. Toothpaste exhibited the fastest release of phenolic compounds, while Miswak exhibited more sustained profiles. Both green Miswak and toothpaste substantially reduced oral bacterial burdens, with toothpaste showing slightly steadier effects. Conclusion: Green Miswak shows strong antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics, comparable to commercial toothpaste. Its phytochemical richness supports its role as an effective planet based oral care agent, notably in populations preferring traditional ways or with limited access to commercial products. These results shed light on the integration of Miswak into modern dental hygiene practices.