ABSTRACT:
Saliva is gaining recognition as a promising biological fluid for drug detection in forensic odontology. Its ease of collection, noninvasive nature, and ability to reflect recent drug intake make it an attractive alternative to blood or urine. In recent years, advances in diagnostic technology have enhanced the sensitivity and accuracy of detecting drugs through saliva. Techniques such as biosensors, immunoassays, and chromatography, combined with mass spectrometry, have opened up new possibilities for real-time and field-based applications. The integration of artificial intelligence and portable lab devices further enhances the practicality of saliva analysis in forensic settings. However, several challenges remain. The composition of saliva can vary depending on hydration, time of day, and oral health conditions, which may affect drug concentration and result interpretation. In some cases, the relationship between saliva and blood drug levels is not well established, raising concerns about the reliability of saliva as a source of legal evidence. Ethical issues such as patient consent, data privacy, and the legal acceptance of saliva-based results in court proceedings also require careful consideration. Moreover, standardised methods for collecting, storing, and analysing saliva samples are still lacking in many regions. This article provides an updated overview of the use of saliva for drug detection in forensic odontology. It highlights both the scientific progress and the obstacles that must be addressed. With continued interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation, saliva has the potential to become a central tool in forensic toxicology.