Author(s):
Ahmed Elgharib, Ali El Mubarak, Yehya Kh. Shehadeh, Ryan M Alrisaini, Bilal Kabeer, Abdulmuheez Abdulkareem, Abdellatif M Abdelrazek, Khaled A. Harhash, Amr A. El-Waseif, Mohamed M. Moursy
Email(s):
amrelwaseif@azhar.edu.eg
DOI:
10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00607 
Address:
Ahmed Elgharib1,2, Ali El Mubarak1, Yehya Kh. Shehadeh1, Ryan M Alrisaini1, Bilal Kabeer1, Abdulmuheez Abdulkareem3, Abdellatif M Abdelrazek4, Khaled A. Harhash5, Amr A. El-Waseif6*, Mohamed M. Moursy3,6
1Imam Turki bin Abdullah Royal Nature Reserve, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
2Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
3Tilad Environmental, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
4Tilad holding company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
5Ministry of Environment, Egypt.
6Botany and Microbiology Dept, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 19,
Issue - 9,
Year - 2026
ABSTRACT:
Several fungus produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins, which are known to have significant adverse impacts on both human and animal health. Many diseases may result from the toxicity of animal feed contaminated with mycotoxins. This work used LC-MS/MS to evaluate the feeds for residual mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFs) B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZON), and fumonisin B1 simultaneously. According to the findings of the LC-MS/MS analysis, none of feed and forage (alfalfa) samples contained aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, or G2). Additionally, no OTA was found in any of the samples. Zearalenone was detected in Feed 1 and Feed 2 samples at quantities of 0.112µg/g and 0.103µg/g, respectively. The amounts of fumonisin B1 in Feed 1 and Feed 2 samples were 71.24µg/g and 62.23µg/g, respectively. However, Forage 3 and Forage 4 did not detect it. After year quarter analysis were repeated on number of samples. AFB1 was found in Feed of the samples, but other types of AFs, OTA and ZON were not detected. Fumonisin B1 was appeared in safe level at feed samples. All toxins were absent from all forage samples. Proximate analysis of samples has shown that it is rich in carbohydrates, protein, and fiber. Mineral analysis has shown that Calcium and Magnesium levels around 1 and 0.4% respectively. This approach will make it easier to control and analyze mycotoxins in feed in a lab. Because of its multidetector capabilities, LC-MS/MS is the most widely used analytical technique for approaches.
Cite this article:
Ahmed Elgharib, Ali El Mubarak, Yehya Kh. Shehadeh, Ryan M Alrisaini, Bilal Kabeer, Abdulmuheez Abdulkareem, Abdellatif M Abdelrazek, Khaled A. Harhash, Amr A. El-Waseif, Mohamed M. Moursy. Application of LC-MS/MS for Monitoring Mycotoxin Contamination in Wildlife Feed: A Case Study from Imam Turki bin Abdullah Royal Reserve. Research Journal Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(9):4347-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00607
Cite(Electronic):
Ahmed Elgharib, Ali El Mubarak, Yehya Kh. Shehadeh, Ryan M Alrisaini, Bilal Kabeer, Abdulmuheez Abdulkareem, Abdellatif M Abdelrazek, Khaled A. Harhash, Amr A. El-Waseif, Mohamed M. Moursy. Application of LC-MS/MS for Monitoring Mycotoxin Contamination in Wildlife Feed: A Case Study from Imam Turki bin Abdullah Royal Reserve. Research Journal Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(9):4347-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00607 Available on: https://www.rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2026-19-9-53
REFERENCES:
1. Munoz-Solano, B., and González-Peñas, E. Mycotoxin determination in animal feed: An LC-FLD method for simultaneous quantification of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and zearelanone in this matrix. Toxins. 2020; 12(6): 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060374
2. Buszewska-Forajta, M. Mycotoxins, Invisible Danger of Feedstuff with Toxic Effect on Animals. Toxicon 2020, 182: 34–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.101
3. Alvito, P.; Assunc.o, R.M.; Bajard, L.; Martins, C.; Mengelers, M.J.B.; Mol, H.; Namorado, S.; van den Brand, A.D.; Vasco, E.; Viegas, S.; et al. Current Advances, Research Needs and Gaps in Mycotoxins Biomonitoring under the HBM4EU—Lessons Learned and Future Trends. Toxins 2022; 14: 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120826
4. World Health Organization. Fact Sheets Mycotoxins. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/m ycotoxins (accessed on 29 April 2024).
5. Eskola, M.; Kos, G.; Elliott, C.T.; Hajšlová, J.; Mayar, S.; Krska, R.Worldwide Contamination of Food-Crops with Mycotoxins: Validity of the Widely Cited ‘FAO Estimate’ of 25%. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2020; 60: 2773–2789. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1658570
6. Munoz-Solano, B.; Lizarraga Pérez, E.; González-Penas, E. Monitoring Mycotoxin Exposure in Food-Producing Animals (Cattle, Pig, Poultry, and Sheep). Toxins. 2024; 16: 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ toxins16050218
7. Medina DAV, Borsatto JVB, Maciel EVS, Lanças FM. Current role of modern chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of mycotoxins in food. TrAC-Trends Anal Chem. 2021; 135: 116156. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.trac.2020.116156.
8. Wei CC, Wang HD, Li GZ, Li JH, Zhang F, Wu YZ, et al. Multiplex detection methods for mycotoxins in agricultural products: A systematic review. Food Control. 2024;158:110207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023. 110207.
9. Ates E, Godula M, Stroka J, Senyuva H. Screening of plant and fungal metabolites in wheat, maize and animal feed using automated on-line clean-up coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 2014; 142: 276–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.054.
10. Cho HD, Suh JH, Feng S, Eom T, Kim J, Hyun SM, et al. Comprehensive analysis of multi-class mycotoxins in twenty different species of functional and medicinal herbs using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control. 2019; 96: 517–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018. 10.007.
11. Omotayo OP, Omotayo AO, Mwanza M, Babalola OO. Prevalence of mycotoxins and their consequences on human health. Toxicol Res. 2019; 35(1): 1–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2019.35.1.001.
12. Ostry V, Malir F, Toman J, Grosse Y. Mycotoxins as human carcinogens-the IARC Monographs classification. Mycotoxin Res. 2017; 33: 65–73. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12550-016-0265-7.
13. Lu Q, Qin JA, Fu YW, Luo JY, Lu JH, Logrieco AF, et al. Modified mycotoxins in foodstuffs, animal feed, and herbal medicine: A systematic review on global occurrence, transformation mechanism and analysis methods. TrAC-Trends Anal Chem. 2020; 133: 116088. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2020.116088.
14. Liao, C.-D.; Lin, H.-Y.; Chiueh, L.-C.; and Shih, D.Y.-C. Simultaneous quantification of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in cereals by LC-MS/MS. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2011; 19(3): Article 3. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2176
15. Sahni, C., Shakil, N.A., Jha, V., Kumar Gupta, R. Screening of nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the roots of Borassus flabellifer (Asian Palmyra Palm). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2014; 58; 58–68.
16. Tucker, B. B., Kurtz, L. T. Calcium and magnesium determinations by EDTA titrations. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 1961; 25(1): 27-29. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1961.03615995002500010016x
17. Santos Pereira, C.; Cunha, S.C.; Fernandes, J.O. Prevalent Mycotoxins in Animal Feed: Occurrence and Analytical Methods. Toxins (Basel). 2019; 11: 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11050290
18. Arroyo-Manzanares, N.; Rodríguez-Estévez, V.; Arenas-Fernández, P.; García-Campaña, A.M.; Gámiz-Gracia, L. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Swine Feeding from Spain. Toxins (Basel). 2019; 11: 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060342
19. YK Naidu, Raghunadha Reddy S, Koteswara Rao Divi, MP Kalyan Reddy, I Sarath Chandiran, KN Jayaveera. Quantification of Levetiracetam in Human Plasma with Precipitation Extraction by Using Fully Validated LC-MS/MS and Its Application to a Bioequivalence Study. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2010; 3 (3): 847-853.
20. Mohammed E. Abdel-Hamid, Leyla H. Sharaf , Oludotun A. Phillips, Elijah O. Kehinde. A Validated LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Tamsulosin Hydrochloride in Six Brands; Applications to Content Uniformity and Dissolution Studies. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2011; 4(12): 1885-1890.
21. Halde Supriya, Mungantiwar Ashish, Chintamaneni Meena. Determination of Emtricitabine in Human Plasma by LC-MS/MS. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2012; 5(1): 133-137.
22. Prathyusha Vikram, Palani Shanmugasundaram. Determination of Riluzole in Human Plasma by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC – MS/MS) and its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(1): 193-199. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00042.7
23. Vishnu. K, Narenderan. S. T, Vishnupriya. S, Babu. B, Meyyanathan. S. N. A Sensitive Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Estimation of Cilostazol in Bulk and in a Pharmaceutical Formulation. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(6): 2781-2783. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00467.0
24. Francis Micheal, Balamurali MM, Mohanlal Sayana, Rajendra Prasad M. Development and Validation of Highly Sensitive HPLC-Ms/Ms Method for the Determination of Duloxetine in Human Plasma and its Application to Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study by Assessing Multiple Bioequivalence Approaches. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(5): 2117-2124. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00381.9
25. Maruthi R, Chandan R. S, Anand Kumar Tengli. Characterization of impurities in Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate by using LCMS/MS and NMR. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(8): 3569-3576. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00631.9
26. Maruthi R, Chandan R.S, Anand Kumar Tengli. LC-MS/MS and NMR Characterization of impurities in Epalrestat. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(1): 11-13. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2021.00003.2
27. Ajay I. Patel, Kishna Ram, Swati Guttikar, Amit Kumar J. Vyas, Ashok B. Patel, Nilesh K. Patel, Vikash Trivedi. Rapid, Sensitive and Simple LC-MS/MS Method Development and Validation for Estimation of Phenytoin in Human Plasma by using Deuterated Internal Standard. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(6): 2937-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00515
28. Pallab Mandal, Pradip Kundu, Soumya Chakraborty, Rakesh Bera, Nilendra Chatterjee, Sourav Poddar, D.P. Ghosh, Tapan Kumar Pal. Analytical Method Development and Validation of Trimethylazanium containing Anti-leishmanial Phospholipid Drug Miltefosine by Liquid Chromatography Quadruple Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) API-2000. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2022; 15(9): 4128-4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00693